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十三、官兵关系
13. RELATIONS BETWEEN OFFICERS AND MEN
　　　　

我们的军队一向就有两条方针：第一对敌人要狠，要压倒它，要消灭它；第二对自己人、对人民、对同志、对官长、对部下要和，要团结。
　　Our army has always had two policies. First, we must be ruthless to our enemies, we must overpower and annihilate them. Second, we must be kind to our own, to the people, to our comrades and to our superiors and subordinates, and unite with them.

　　　　在中央招待留守兵团学习代表时的演说（一九四四年九月十八日），一九四四年九月二十三日延安《解放日报》
　　　　 "Speech at the reception given by the Central Committee of the Party for model study delegates from the Rear Army Detachments" (September 18, 1944).

我们都是来自五湖四海，为了一个共同的革命目标，走到一起来了。……我们的干部要关心每一个战士，一切革命队伍的人都要互相关心，互相爱护，互相帮助。
　　We hail from all corners of the country and have joined together for a common revolutionary objective.... Our cadres must show concern for every soldier, and all people in the revolutionary ranks must care for each other, must love and help each other.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零三——一零零四页
　　　　"Serve the People" (September 8, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 227-28.

应在每一部队内部举行拥干爱兵运动，号召干部爱护士兵，同时号召士兵拥护干部，彼此的缺点错误，公开讲明，迅速纠正，这样就能达到很好地团结内部之目的。
　　A movement to support the cadres and cherish the soldiers should be launched in every army unit, calling on the cadres to cherish the soldiers and the soldiers to support the cadres. They should speak up about each other's shortcomings and mistakes and quickly correct them. In this way they will be able to achieve a very good internal unity.

　　　　《一九四五年的任务》（一九四四年十二月十五日），一九四四年十二月十六日延安《解放日报》
　　　　"The Tasks for 1945" (December15, 1944)

很多人对于官兵关系、军民关系弄不好，以为是方法不对，我总告诉他们是根本态度（或根本宗旨）问题，这态度就是尊重士兵和尊重人民。从这态度出发，于是有各种的政策、方法、方式。离了这态度，政策、方法、方式也一定是错的，官兵之间、军民之间的关系便决然弄不好。军队政治工作的三大原则：第一是官兵一致，第二是军民一致，第三是瓦解敌军。这些原则要实行有效，都须从尊重士兵、尊重人民和尊重已经放下武器的敌军俘虏的人格这种根本态度出发。那些认为不是根本态度问题而是技术问题的人，实在是想错了，应该加以改正才对。
　　Many people think that it is wrong methods that make for strained relations between officers and men and between the army and the people, but I always tell them that it is a question of basic attitude (or basic principle), of having respect for the soldiers and the people. It is from this attitude that the various policies, methods and forms ensue. If we depart from this attitude, then the policies, methods and forms will certainly be wrong, and the relations between officers and men and between the army and the people are bound to be unsatisfactory. Our three major principles for the army's political work are, first, unity between officers and men; second, unity between the army and the people; and third, the disintegration of the enemy forces. To apply these principles effectively, we must start with this basic attitude of respect for the soldiers and the people, and of respect for the human dignity of prisoners of war once they have laid down their arms. Those who take all this as a technical matter and not one of basic attitude are indeed wrong, and they should correct their view.

　　　　《论持久战》（一九三八年五月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五零一页
　　　　"On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 186-87.

共产党人在劳动人民中间进行工作的时候必须采取民主的说服教育的方法，决不允许采取命令主义态度和强制手段。中国共产党忠实地遵守马克思列宁主义的这个原则。
　　Communists must use the democratic method of persuasion and education when working among the labouring people and must on no account resort to commandism or coercion. The Chinese Communist Party faithfully adheres to this Marxist-Leninist principle.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第八页
　　　　"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 15.*

我们的同志一定要懂得，思想改造的工作是长期的、耐心的、细致的工作，不能企图上几次课，开几次会，就把人家在几十年生活中间形成的思想意识改变过来。要人家服，只能说服，不能压服。压服的结果总是压而不服。以力服人是不行的。对付敌人可以这样，对付同志，对付朋友，绝不能用这个方法。
　　Our comrades must understand that ideological remoulding involves long-term, patient and painstaking work, and they must not attempt to change people's ideology, which has been shaped over decades of life, by giving a few lectures or by holding a few meetings. Persuasion, not compulsion, is the only way to convince them. Compulsion will never result in convincing them. To try to convince them by force simply won't work. This kind of method is permissible in dealing with the enemy, but absolutely impermissible in dealing with comrades or friends.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一七页
　　　　"Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 23.

要分清敌我，不能站在敌对的立场用对待敌人的态度来对待同志。必须是满腔热情地用保护人民事业和提高人民觉悟的态度来说话，而不能用嘲笑和攻击的态度来说话。
　　We must make a distinction between the enemy and ourselves, and we must not adopt an antagonistic stand towards comrades and treat them as we would the enemy. In speaking up, one must have an ardent desire to protect the cause of the people and raise their political consciousness, and there must be no ridiculing or attacking in one's approach.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一五——一六页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 20.*

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十四、军民关系
14. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ARMY AND THE PEOPLE
　　　　

军队须和民众打成一片，使军队在民众眼睛中看成是自己的军队，这个军队便无敌于天下，……
　　The army must become one with the people so that they see it as their own army. Such an army will be invincible....

　　　　《论持久战》（一九三八年五月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五零一页
　　　　 "On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 186.

应该使每一个同志懂得，只要我们依靠人民，坚决地相信人民群众的创造力是无穷无尽的，因而信任人民，和人民打成一片，那就任何困难也能克服，任何敌人也不能压倒我们，而只会被我们所压倒。
　　Every comrade must be helped to understand that as long as we rely on the people, believe firmly in the inexhaustible creative power of the masses and hence trust and identify ourselves with them, we can surmount any difficulty, and no enemy can crush us while we can crush any enemy.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九七页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 316.*

我们的同志不论到什么地方，都要和群众的关系搞好，要关心群众，帮助他们解决困难。团结广大人民，团结得越多越好。
　　Wherever our comrades go, they must build good relations with the masses, be concerned for them and help them overcome their difficulties. We must unite with the masses, the more of the masses we unite with, the better.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一六一页
　　　　 "On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 59.

在解放区，一方面，军队应实行拥政爱民的工作，另一方面，民主政府应领导人民实行拥军优抗的工作，更大地改善军民关系。
　　The army in the Liberated Areas must support the government and cherish the people, while the democratic governments must lead the people in the work of supporting the army and giving preferential treatment to the families of soldiers fighting Japan. In this way relations between the army and the people will become still better.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九一页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 311.*

军队中应当从每个指战员的思想上解决问题，使他们彻底认识拥政爱民的重要性。只要军队方面做好了，地方对军队的关系必会跟着改善。
　　In the army the task of supporting the government and cherishing the people should be handled through the ideological education of every commander and fighter, so that they all thoroughly understand its importance. As long as the army on its part does this job well, the local government and the people will also improve their relations with the army.

　　　　《一九四六年解放区工作的方针》（一九四五年十二月十五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一七三页
　　　　 "Policy for Work in the Liberated Areas for 1946" (December 15, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 77.*

在拥政爱民和拥军优抗的运动[3]中，彻底检查军队方面和党政方面各自在一九四三年的缺点错误，而于一九四四年坚决改正之。以后应于每年正月普遍举行一次，再三再四地宣读拥政爱民公约和拥军优抗公约，再三再四地将各根据地曾经发生的军队欺压党政民和党政民关心军队不足的缺点错误，实行公开的群众性的自我批评（各方面只批评自己，不批评对方），而彻底改正之。
　　In the course of these campaigns[3], the army on its side and the Party and the government on theirs should thoroughly examine the shortcomings and mistakes of 1943, and should resolutely correct them in 1944. From now on, such campaigns should be launched everywhere in the first month of every lunar year, and in the course of them the pledges to "support the government and cherish the people" and "support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of soldiers fighting Japan" should be read out time and again, and there should be repeated self-criticism before the masses of any high-handed behaviour by the troops in the base areas towards the Party or government personnel or towards civilians, or of any lack of concern for the troops shown by the Party or government personnel or the civilians (each side criticizing itself and not the other) in order that these shortcomings and mistakes may be thoroughly corrected.

　　　　《开展根据地的减租、生产和拥政爱民运动》（一九四三年十月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九一六页
　　　　 "Spread the Campaigns to Reduce Rent, Increase Production and 'Support the Government and Cherish the People' in the Base Areas" (October 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 135.*

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十五、三大民主
15. DEMOCRACY IN THE THREE MAIN FIELDS
　　　　

军队应实行一定限度的民主化，主要地是废除封建主义的打骂制度和官兵生活同甘苦。这样一来，官兵一致的目的就达到了，军队就增加了绝大的战斗力，长期的残酷的战争就不患不能支持。
　　A proper measure of democracy should be put into effect in the army, chiefly by abolishing the feudal practice of bullying and beating and by having officers and men share weal and woe. Once this is done, unity will be achieved between officers and men, the combat effectiveness of the army will be greatly increased, and there will be no doubt of our ability to sustain the long, cruel war.

　　　　《论持久战》（一九三八年五月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五零零——五零一页
　　　　 "On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 186.

红军的物质生活如此菲薄，战斗如此频繁，仍能维持不敝，除党的作用外，就是靠实行军队内的民主主义。官长不打士兵，官兵待遇平等，士兵有开会说话的自由，废除烦琐的礼节，经济公开。……中国不但人民需要民主主义，军队也需要民主主义。军队内的民主主义制度，将是破坏封建雇佣军队的一个重要的武器。
　　Apart from the role played by the Party, the reason why the Red Army has been able to carry on in spite of such poor material conditions and such frequent engagements is its practice of democracy. The officers do not beat the men; officers and men receive equal treatment; soldiers are free to hold meetings and to speak out; trivial formalities have been done away with; and the accounts are open for all to inspect.... In China the army needs democracy as much as the people do. Democracy in our army is an important weapon for undermining the feudal mercenary army.

　　　　《井冈山的斗争》（一九二八年十一月二十五日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第六七——六八页
　　　　"The Struggle in the Chingkang Mountains" (November 25, 1928), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 83.

部队内部政治工作方针，是放手发动士兵群众、指挥员和一切工作人员，通过集中领导下的民主运动，达到政治上高度团结、生活上获得改善、军事上提高技术和战术的三大目的。目前在我军部队中热烈进行的三查、三整，就是用政治民主、经济民主的方法，达到前两项目的。
　 　关于经济民主，必须使士兵选出的代表有权协助（不是超过）连队首长管理连队的给养和伙食。

　　关于军事民主，必须在练兵时实行官兵互教，兵兵互教；在作战时，实行在火线上连队开各种大、小会。在连队首长指导下，发动士兵群众讨论如何攻克敌阵，如何完成战斗任务。在连续几天的战斗中，此种会应开几次。此项军事民主，在陕北蟠龙战役和晋察冀石家庄战役中，都实行了，收到了极大效果。证明只有好处，毫无害处。
　　The policy for political work in our army units is fully to arouse the rank and file, the commanders and all working personnel in order to achieve three major objectives through a democratic movement under centralized leadership, namely, a high degree of political unity, better living conditions, and better military technique and tactics. The Three Check-ups and Three Improvements [4] now being enthusiastically carried out in our army units are intended to attain the first two of these objectives through the methods of political and economic democracy.
With regard to economic democracy, the representatives elected by the soldiers must be ensured the right to assist (but not to bypass) the company leadership in managing the company's supplies and mess.
With regard to military democracy, in periods of training there must be mutual instruction as between officers and soldiers and among the soldiers themselves; and in periods of fighting the companies at the front must hold big and small meetings of various kinds. Under the direction of the company leadership, the rank and file should be roused to discuss how to attack and capture enemy positions and how to fulfill other combat tasks. When the fighting lasts several days, several such meetings should be held. This kind of military democracy was practised with great success in the battle of Panlung in northern Shensi and in the battle of Shihchiachuang in the Shansi-Chahar-Hopei area. It has been proved that the practice can only do good and can do no harm whatsoever.

处在伟大斗争面前的中国共产党，要求整个党的领导机关，全党的党员和干部，高度地发挥其积极性，才能取得胜利。所谓发挥积极性，必须具体地表现在领导机关、干部和党员的创造能力，负责精神，工作的活跃，敢于和善于提出问题、发表意见、批评缺点，以及对于领导机关和领导干部从爱护观点出发的监督作用。没有这些，所谓积极性就是空的。而这些积极性的发挥，有赖于党内生活的民主化。党内缺乏民主生活，发挥积极性的目的就不能达到。大批能干人材的创造，也只有在民主生活中才有可能。
　　In the present great struggle, the Chinese Communist Party demands that all its leading bodies and all its members and cadres should give the fullest expression to their initiative, which alone can ensure victory. This initiative must be demonstrated concretely in the ability of the leading bodies, the cadres and the Party rank and file to work creatively, in their readiness to assume responsibility, in the exuberant vigour they show in their work, in their courage and ability to raise questions, voice opinions and criticize defects, and in the comradely supervision that is maintained over the leading bodies and the leading cadres. Otherwise, "initiative" will be an empty thing. But the exercise of such initiative depends on the spread of democracy in Party life. It cannot be brought into play if there is not enough democracy in Party life. Only in an atmosphere of democracy can large numbers of able people be brought forward.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一七页
　　　"The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 204.　

不论什么人，只要不是敌对分子，不是恶意攻击，允许大家讲话，讲错了也不要紧。各级领导人员，有责任听别人的话。实行两条原则：（一）知无不言，言无不尽；（二）言者无罪，闻者足戒。如果没有“言者无罪”一条，并且是真的，不是假的，就不可能收到“知无不言，言无不尽”的效果。
　　Anyone should be allowed to speak out, whoever he may be, so long as he is not a hostile element and does not make malicious attacks, and it does not matter if he says something wrong. Leaders at all levels have the duty to listen to others. Two principles must be observed: (1) Say all you know and say it without reserve; (2) Don't blame the speaker but take his words as a warning. Unless the principle of "Don't blame the speaker" is observed genuinely and not falsely, the result will not be "Say all you know and say it without reserve".

　　　　《一九四五年的任务》（一九四四年十二月十五日），一九四四年十二月十六日延安《解放日报》
　　　　"The Tasks for 1945" (December 15, 1944).

必须在党内施行有关民主生活的教育，使党员懂得什么是民主生活，什么是民主制和集中制的关系，并如何实行民主集中制。这样才能做到：一方面，确实扩大党内的民主生活；又一方面，不至于走到极端民主化，走到破坏纪律的自由放任主义。
　　Education in democracy must be carried on within the Party so that members can understand the meaning of democratic life, the meaning of the relationship between democracy and centralism, and the way in which democratic centralism should be put into practice. Only in this way can we really extend democracy within the Party and at the same time avoid ultra-democracy and the laissez-faire which destroys discipline.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一七页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 205.*

无论在军队或在地方，党内民主都应是为着巩固纪律和增强战斗力，而不是削弱这种纪律和战斗力。
　　Both in the army and in the local organizations, inner-Party democracy is meant to strengthen discipline and increase combat effectiveness, not to weaken them.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一七——五一八页
　　　　Ibid.

从理论上铲除极端民主化的根苗。首先，要指出极端民主化的危险，在于损伤以至完全破坏党的组织，削弱以至完全毁灭党的战斗力，使党担负不起斗争的责任，由此造成革命的失败。其次，要指出极端民主化的来源，在于小资产阶级的自由散漫性。这种自由散漫性带到党内，就成了政治上的和组织上的极端民主化的思想。这种思想是和无产阶级的斗争任务根本不相容的。
　　In the sphere of theory, destroy the roots of ultra-democracy. First, it should be pointed out that the danger of ultrademocracy lies in the fact that it damages or even completely wrecks the Party organization and weakens or even completely undermines the Party's fighting capacity, rendering the Party incapable of fulfilling its fighting tasks and thereby causing the defeat of the revolution. Next, it should be pointed out that the source of ultra-democracy consists in the petty bourgeoisie's individualistic aversion to discipline. When this characteristic is brought into the Party, it develops into ultra-democratic ideas politically and organizationally. These ideas are utterly incompatible with the fighting tasks of the proletariat.

　　　　《关于纠正党内的错误思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第九一页
　　　　 "On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party" (December 1929), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 108.

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十六、教育和训练
16. EDUCATION AND THE TRAINING OF TROOPS
　　　　

我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟的有文化的劳动者。
　　Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二三页
　　　　"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1959), 1st pocket ed., p. 44.

对于在职干部的教育和干部学校的教育，应确立以研究中国革命实际问题为中心，以马克思列宁主义基本原则为指导的方针，废除静止地孤立地研究马克思列宁主义的方法。
　　As for education for cadres whether at work or in schools for cadres, a policy should be established of focusing such education on the study of the practical problems of the Chinese revolution and using the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism as the guide, and the method of studying Marxism-Leninism statically and in isolation should be discarded.

　　　　《改造我们的学习》（一九四一年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八零三页
　　　　"Reform Our Study" (May 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 24.

一个军事学校，最重要的问题，是选择校长教员和规定教育方针。
　　For a military school, the most important question is the selection of a director and instructors and the adoption of an educational policy.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一七零页
　　　　 "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 185.*

一个百人的学校，如果没有一个从教员中、职员中、学生中按照实际形成的（不是勉强凑集的）最积极最正派最机敏的几个人乃至十几个人的领导骨干，这个学校就一定办不好。
　　A school of a hundred people certainly cannot be run well if it does not have a leading group of several people, or a dozen or more, which is formed in accordance with the actual circumstances (and not thrown together artificially) and is composed of the most active, upright and alert of the teachers, the other staff and the students.

　　　　《关于领导方法的若干问题》（一九四三年六月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九零一页
　　　　"Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 118-l9.

我全军将士必须提高军事艺术，在必胜的战争中勇猛前进，坚决彻底干净全部地歼灭一切敌人。
　　All officers and fighters of our army must improve their military art, march forward courageously towards certain victory in the war and resolutely, thoroughly, wholly and completely wipe out all enemies.

　　　　《中国人民解放军宣言》（一九四七年十月），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二三九页
　　　　 "Manifesto of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (October 1947), Selected Military Writings, 2nd ed., p. 340.

目前开始的一年整训计划，军事整训与政治整训应该并重，并使二者互相结合。整训开始时，还应着重政治方面，着重于改善官兵关系，增强内部团结，发动干部与战士群众的高度积极性，军事整训才易于实施与更有效果。
　　Equal importance should be attached to the military and political aspects of the one-year consolidation and training programme which has just begun, and the two aspects should be integrated. At the start, stress should be placed on the political aspect, on improving relations between officers and men, enhancing internal unity and arousing a high level of enthusiasm among the masses of cadres and fighters. Only thus will the military consolidation and training proceed smoothly and attain better results.

　　　　《一九四五年的任务》（一九四四年十二月十五日），一九四四年十二月十六日延安《解放日报》
　　　　"The Tasks for 1945" (December 15, 1944).

练兵方法，应开展官教兵、兵教官、兵教兵的群众练兵运动。
　　As for the method of training, we should unfold the mass training movement in which officers teach soldiers, soldiers teach officers and the soldiers teach each other.

　　　　《一九四六年解放区工作的方针》（一九四五年十二月十五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一七二页
　　　　"Policy for Work in the Liberated Areas for 1946" (December 15, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 76.

我们练兵的口号是：“官教兵，兵教官，兵教兵。”战士们有很多打仗的实际经验。当官的要向战士学习，把别人的经验变成自己的，他的本领就大了。
　　Our slogan in training troops is, "Officers teach soldiers, soldiers teach officers and soldiers teach each other". The fighters have a lot of practical combat experience. The officers should learn from the fighters, and when they have made other people's experience their own, they will become more capable.

　　　　《对晋绥日报编辑人员的谈话》（一九四九年四月二日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一三一九页
　　　　 "A Talk to the Editorial Staff of the Shansi-Suiyuan Daily" (April 2, 1948), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 243.

练兵项目，仍以提高射击、刺杀、投弹等项技术程度为主，提高战术程度为辅，特别着重于练习夜战。
　　As for the training courses, the main objective should still be to raise the level of technique in marksmanship, bayoneting grenade-throwing and the like and the secondary objective should be to raise the level of tactics, while special emphasis should be laid on night operations.

　　　　《一九四六年解放区工作的方针政策》（一九四五年十二月十五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一七二页
　　　　 "Policy for Work in the Liberated Areas for 1946" (December 15, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 76.*

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十七、为人民服务
17. SERVING THE PEOPLE
　　　　

我们应该谦虚。谨慎，戒骄，戒躁，全心全意地为人民服务，……
　　We should be modest and prudent, guard against arrogance and rashness, and serve the Chinese people heart and soul....

　　　　《两个中国之命运》（一九四五年四月二十三日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零二八页
　　　　"China's Two Possible Destinies" (April 23, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III p. 253.

全心全意地为人民服务，一刻也不脱离群众；一切从人民的利益出发，而不是从个人或小集团的利益出发；向人民负责和向党的领导机关负责的一致性；这些就是我们的出发点。
　　Our point of departure is to serve the people whole-heartedly and never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses, to proceed in all cases from the interests of the people and not from one's self-interest or from the interests of a small group, and to identify our responsibility to the people with our responsibility to the leading organs of the Party.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九五——一零九六页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 315.*

国家机关实行民主集中制，国家机关必须依靠人民群众，国家机关工作人员必须为人民服务。
　　The organs of state must practise democratic centralism, they must rely on the masses and their personnel must serve the people.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第四页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 8.*

白求恩同志毫不利己专门利人的精神，表现在他对工作的极端的负责任，对同志对人民的极端的热忱。每个共产党员都要学习他。
　　……
　　我们大家要学习他毫无自私自利之心的精神。从这点出发，就可以变为大有利于人民的人。一个人能力有大小，但只要有这点精神，就是一个高尚的人，一个纯粹的人，一个有道德的人，一个脱离了低级趣味的人，一个有益于人民的人。
　　Comrade Bethune's spirit, his utter devotion to others without any thought of self, was shown in his boundless sense of responsibility in his work and his boundless warm-heartedness towards all comrades and the people. Every Communist must learn from him. We must all learn the spirit of absolute selflessness from him. With this spirit everyone can be very useful to the people. A man's ability may be great or small, but if he has this spirit, he is already noble-minded and pure, a man of moral integrity and above vulgar interests, a man who is of value to the people.

　　　　《纪念白求恩》（一九三九年十二月二十一日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第六五三——六五四页
　　　　"In Memory of Norman Bethune" (December 21, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 337-38.*

我们的共产党和共产党所领导的八路军、新四军，是革命的队伍。我们这个队伍完全是为着解放人民的，是彻底地为人民的利益工作的。
　　Our Communist Party and the Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies led by our Party are battalions of the revolution. These battalions of ours are wholly dedicated to the liberation of the people and work entirely in the people's interests.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零三页
　　　　"Serve the People" (September 8, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 227.

我们一切工作干部，不论职位高低，都是人民的勤务员，我们所做的一切，都是为人民服务，我们有些什么不好的东西舍不得丢掉呢？
　　All our cadres, whatever their rank, are servants of the people, and whatever we do is to serve the people. How then can we be reluctant to discard any of our bad traits?

　　　　《一九四五年的任务》（一九四四年十二月十五日），一九四四年十二月十六日延安《解放日报》
　　　　"The Tasks for 1945" (December 15, 1944).

我们的责任，是向人民负责，每句话，每个行动，每项政策，都要适合人民的利益，如果有了错误，定要改正，这就叫向人民负责。
　　Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people. Every word, every act and every policy must conform to the people's interests, and if mistakes occur, they must be corrected - that is what being responsible to the people means.

　　　　《抗日战争后的时局和我们的方针》（一九四五年八月十三日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一二八页
　　　　"The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan" (August 13, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 16.

要奋斗就会有牺牲，死人的事是经常发生的。但是我们想到人民的利益，想到大多数人民的痛苦，我们为人民而死，就是死得其所。不过，我们应当尽量地减少那些不必要的牺牲。
　　Wherever there is struggle there is sacrifice, and death is a common occurrence. But we have the interests of the people and the sufferings of the great majority at heart, and when we die for the people it is a worthy death. Nevertheless, we should do our best to avoid unnecessary sacrifices.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零四页
　　　　"Serve the People" (September 8, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 228.

人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。”为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重；替法西斯卖力，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就比鸿毛还轻。
　　All men must die, but death can vary in its significance. The ancient Chinese writer Szuma Chien said, "Though death befalls all men alike, it may be weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." To die for the people is weightier than Mount Tai, but to work for the fascists and die for the exploiters and oppressors is lighter than a feather.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 227.*

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十八、爱国主义和国际主义
18. PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONALISM
　　　

国际主义者的共产党员，是否可以同时又是一个爱国主义者呢？我们认为不但是可以的，而且是应该的。爱国主义的具体内容，看在什么样的历史条件之下来决定。有日本侵略者和希特勒的“爱国主义”，有我们的爱国主义。对于日本侵略者和希特勒的所谓“爱国主义”，共产党员是必须坚决地反对的。日本共产党人和德国共产党人都是他们国家的战争的失败主义者。用一切方法使日本侵略者和希特勒的战争归于失败，就是日本人民和德国人民的利益；失败得越彻底，就越好。……这是因为日本侵略者和希特勒的战争，不但是损害世界人民的，也是损害其本国人民的。中国的情况则不同，中国是被侵略的国家。因此，中国共产党人必须将爱国主义和国际主义结合起来。我们是国际主义者，我们又是爱国主义者，我们的口号是为保卫祖国反对侵略者而战。对于我们，失败主义是罪恶，争取抗日胜利是责无旁贷的。因为只有为着保卫祖国而战才能打败侵略者，使民族得到解放。只有民族得到解放，才有使无产阶级和劳动人民得到解放的可能。中国胜利了，侵略中国的帝国主义者被打倒了，同时也就是帮助了外国的人民。因此，爱国主义就是国际主义在民族解放战争中的实施。
　　Can a Communist, who is an internationalist, at the same time be a patriot? We hold that he not only can be but must be. The specific content of patriotism is determined by historical conditions. There is the "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler, and there is our patriotism. Communists must resolutely oppose the "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler. The Communists of Japan and Germany are defeatists with regard to the wars being waged by their countries. To bring about the defeat of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler by every possible means is in the interests of the Japanese and the German people, and the more complete the defeat the better.... For the wars launched by the Japanese aggressors and Hitler are harming the people at home as well as the people of the world. China's case, however, is different, because she is the victim of aggression. Chinese Communists must therefore combine patriotism with internationalism. We are at once internationalists and patriots, and our slogan is, "Fight to defend the motherland against the aggressors." For us defeatism is a crime and to strive for victory in the War of Resistance is an inescapable duty. For only by fighting in defence of the motherland can we defeat the aggressors and achieve national liberation. And only by achieving national liberation will it be possible for the proletariat and other working people to achieve their own emancipation. The victory of China and the defeat of the invading imperialists will help the people of other countries. Thus in wars of national liberation patriotism is applied internationalism.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五零八——五零九页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 196.*

一个外国人，毫无利已的动机，把中国人民的解放事业当作他自己的事业，这是什么精神？这是国际主义的精神，这是共产主义的精神，每一个中国共产党员都要学习这种精神。……我们要和一切资本主义国家的无产阶级联合起来，要和日本的、英国的、美国的、德国的、意大利的以及一切资本主义国家的无产阶级联合起来，才能打倒帝国主义，解放我们的民族和人民，解放世界的民族和人民。这就是我们的国际主义，这就是我们用以反对狭隘民族主义和狭隘爱国主义的国际主义。
　　What kind of spirit is this that makes a foreigner selflessly adopt the cause of the Chinese people's liberation as his own? It is the spirit of internationalism, the spirit of communism, from which every Chinese Communist must learn.... We must unite with the proletariat of all the capitalist countries, with the proletariat of Japan, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and all other capitalist countries, before it is possible to overthrow imperialism, to liberate our nation and people, and to liberate the other nations and peoples of the world. This is our internationalism, the internationalism with which we oppose both narrow nationalism and narrow patriotism.

　　　　《纪念白求恩》（一九三九年十二月二十一日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第六五三页
　　　　"In Memory of Norman Bethune" (December 21, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 337.*

被压迫人民争取彻底的解放，首先是依靠自己的斗争，其次才是国际的援助。已经获得革命胜利的人民，应该援助正在争取解放的人民的斗争，这是我们的国际主义的义务。
　　In the fight for complete liberation the oppressed people rely first of all on their own struggle and then, and only then, on international assistance. The people who have triumphed in their own revolution should help those still struggling for liberation. This is our internationalist duty.

　　　　接见非洲朋友时的谈话《一九六三年八月八日》，一九六三年八月九日《人民日报》
　　　　"Talk with African friends" (August 8, 1963).

社会主义国家是完全新型的国家，是推翻了剥削阶级而由劳动人民掌握权力的国家。在这些国家间的相互关系中，实现着国际主义和爱国主义相统一的原则。共同的利益和共同的理想把我们紧紧地联结在一起。
　　The socialist countries are states of an entirely new type in which the exploiting classes have been overthrown and the working people are in power. The principle of integrating internationalism with patriotism is practised in the relations between these countries. We are closely bound by common interests and common ideals.

　　　　《在苏联最高苏维埃庆祝伟大的十月社会主义革命四十周年会议上的讲话》（一九五七年十一月六日），人民出版社版第九——十零页
　　　　 "Speech at the Meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. in Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution" (November 6, 1957).

社会主义阵营各国人民要联合起来，亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲各国人民要联合起来，全世界各大洲的人民要联合起来，所有爱好和平的国家要联合起来，所有受到美国侵略、控制、干涉和欺负的国家要联合起来，结成最广泛的统一战线，反对美帝国主义的侵略政策和战争政策，保卫世界和平。
　　The people of the countries in the socialist camp should unite, the people of the countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America should unite, the people of all the continents should unite, all peace-loving countries should unite, and all countries subjected to U.S. aggression, control, intervention or bullying should unite, and so form the broadest united front to oppose the U.S. imperialist policies of aggression and war and to defend world peace.

　　　　《支持巴拿马人民反美爱国正义斗争的谈话》（一九六四年一月十二日），《全世界人民团结起来打败美国侵略者及其一切走狗》人民出版社版第九页
　　　　"Statement Supporting the Panamanian People's Just Patriotic Struggle Against U.S. Imperialism" (January 12, 1964), People of the World, Unite and Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their Lackeys, 2nd ed., p. 9.

事物总是发展的。一九一一年的革命，即辛亥革命，到今年，不过四十五年，中国的面目完全变了。再过四十五年，就是二千零一年，也就是进到二十一世纪的时候，中国的面目更要大变。中国将变为一个强大的社会主义工业国。中国应当这样。因为中国是一个具有九百六十万平方公里土地和六万万人口的国家，中国应当对于人类有较大的贡献。而这种贡献，在过去一个长时期内，则是太少了。这使我们感到惭愧。
　　但是要谦虚。不但现在应当这样，四十五年之后也应当这样，永远应当这样。中国人在国际交往方面，应当坚决、彻底、干净、全部地消灭大国主义。
　　Things develop ceaselessly. It is only forty-five years since the Revolution of 19II, but the face of China has completely changed. In another forty-five years, that is, in the year 2001, or the beginning of the 21st century, China will have undergone an even greater change. She will have become a powerful socialist industrial country. And that is as it should be. China is a land with an area of 9,600,000 square kilometres and a population of 600 million people, and she ought to have made a greater contribution to humanity. Her contribution over a long period has been far too small. For this we are regretful.<br>
But we must be modest - not only now, but forty-five years hence as well. We should always be modest. In our international relations, we Chinese people should get rid of great-power chauvinism resolutely, thoroughly, wholly and completely.

　　　　《纪念孙中山先生》（一九五六年十一月），一九五六年十一月十二日《人民日报》
　　　　 "In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-sen" (November 1956).

我们决不可有傲慢的大国主义的态度，决不应当由于革命的胜利和在建设上有了一些成绩而自高自大。国无论大小，都各有长处和短处。
　　We must never adopt an arrogant attitude of great-power chauvinism and become conceited because of the victory of our revolution and certain achievements in our construction. Every nation, big or small, has its strong and weak points.

　　　　《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会开幕词》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会文献》第九页
　　　　

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十九、革命英雄主义
19. REVOLUTIONARY HEROISM
　　　

这个军队具有一往无前的精神，它要压倒一切敌人，而决不被敌人所屈服。不论在任何艰难困苦的场合，只要还有一个人，这个人就要继续战斗下去。
　　This army has an indomitable spirit and is determined to vanquish all enemies and never to yield. No matter what the difficulties and hardships, so long as a single man remains, he will fight on.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零三九页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 264.*

发扬勇敢战斗、不怕牺牲、不怕疲劳和连续作战（即在短期内不休息地接连打几仗）的作风。
　　Give full play to our style of fighting - courage in battle, no fear of sacrifice, no fear of fatigue, and continuous fighting (that is, fighting successive battles in a short time without rest).

　　　　《目前形势和我们的任务》（一九四七年十二月二十五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二四七页
　　　　"The Present Situation and Our Tasks" (December 25, 1947), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 161.

成千成万的先烈，为着人民的利益，在我们的前头英勇地牺牲了，让我们高举起他们的旗帜，踏着他们的血迹前进吧！
　　Thousands upon thousands of martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people; let us hold their banner high and march ahead along the path crimson with their blood!

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九九页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 318.

下定决心，不怕牺牲，排除万难，去争取胜利。
　　Be resolute, fear no sacrifice and surmount every difficulty to win victory.

　　　　《愚公移山》（一九四五年六月十一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一一零一页
　　　　"The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains" (June 11, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 321.*

……正当北伐战争向前发展的紧要关头，这个代表中国人民解放事业的国共两党和各界人民的民族统一战线及其一切革命政策，就被国民党当局的叛卖性的反人民的“清党”政策和屠杀政策所破坏了。……从此以后，内战代替了团结，独裁代替了民主，黑暗的中国代替了光明的中国。但是中国共产党和中国人民并没有被吓倒，被征服，被杀绝。他们从地下爬起来，揩干净身上的血迹，掩埋好同伴的尸首，他们又继续战斗了。他们高举起革命的大旗，举行了武装的抵抗，在中国的广大区域内，组织了人民的政府，实行了土地制度的改革，创造了人民的军队——中国红军，保存了和发展了中国人民的革命力量。
　　At a critical moment in the progress of the Northern Expedition, ... the treacherous and reactionary policies of "party purge" and massacre adopted by the Kuomintang authorities wrecked this national united front - the united front of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party and all sections of the people, which embodied the Chinese people's cause of liberation - and all its revolutionary policies.... Thereupon unity was replaced by civil war, democracy by dictatorship, and a China full of brightness by a China covered in darkness. But the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people were neither cowed nor conquered nor exterminated. They picked themselves up, wiped off the blood, buried their fallen comrades and went into battle again. Holding high the great standard of revolution, they rose in armed resistance and over a vast territory in China they set up people's governments, carried out land reform, built up a people's army - the Chinese Red Army - and preserved and expanded the revolutionary forces of the Chinese people.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零三六页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 261.*

你们有许多的长处，有很大的功劳，但是你们切记不可以骄傲，你们被大家尊敬，是应当的，但是也容易因此引起骄傲。如果你们骄傲起来，不虚心，不再努力，不尊重人家，不尊重干部，不尊重群众，你们就会当不成英雄和模范了。过去已有一些这样的人，希望你们不要学他们。
　　You have many good qualities and have rendered great service, but you must always remember not to become conceited. You are respected by all, and quite rightly, but this easily leads to conceit. If you become conceited, if you are not modest and cease to exert yourselves, and if you do not respect others, do not respect the cadres and the masses, then you will cease to be heroes and models. There have been such people in the past, and I hope you will not follow their example.

　　　　《必须学会做经济工作》（一九四五年一月十日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零一三页
　　　　 "We Must Learn to Do Economic Work" (January 10, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 239.

你们在消灭敌人的斗争中，在恢复和发展工农业生产的斗争中，克服了很多的艰难困苦，表现了极大的勇敢、智慧和积极性。你们是全中华民族的模范人物，是推动各方面人民事业胜利前进的骨干，是人民政府的可靠支柱和人民政府联系广大群众的桥梁。
　　In the fight to wipe out the enemy and to restore and increase industrial and agricultural production, you have overcome many difficulties and hardships and demonstrated immense courage, wisdom and initiative. You are models for the whole Chinese nation, the backbone of the victorious advance of the people's cause in all spheres, pillars of support to the People's Government and bridges linking the People's Government with the great masses.

　　　　代表中共中央在全国战斗英雄和劳动模范代表会议上的祝词（一九五零年九月二十五日），一九五零年九月二十六日《人民日报》
　　　　 "Message of greetings on behalf of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to the Meeting of Representatives of National Combat Heroes and Model Workers" (September 25, 1950).

我们中华民族有同自己的敌人血战到底的气概。有在自力更生的基础上光复旧物的决心，有自立于世界民族之林的能力。
　　We the Chinese nation have the spirit to fight the enemy to the last drop of our blood, the determination to recover our lost territory by our own efforts, and the ability to stand on our own feet in the family of nations.

　　　　《论反对日本帝国主义的策略》（一九三五年十二月二十七日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一五六页
　　　　 "On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism" (December 27, 1935), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 170.*

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二十、勤俭建国
20. BUILDING OUR COUNTRY THROUGH DILIGENCE AND FRUGALITY
　　　　

要使全体干部和全体人民经常想到我国是一个社会主义的大国，但又是一个经济落后的穷国，这是一个很大的矛盾。要使我国富强起来，需要几十年艰苦奋斗的时间，其中包括执行厉行节约、反对浪费这样一个勤俭建国的方针。
　　We must see to it that all our cadres and all our people constantly bear in mind that ours is a big socialist country but an economically backward and poor one, and that this is a very great contradiction. To make China rich and strong needs several decades of intense effort, which will include, among other things, the effort to practise strict economy and combat waste, i.e., the policy of building up our country through diligence and frugality.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三六页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 71.

勤俭办工厂，勤俭办商店，勤俭办一切国营事业和合作事业，勤俭办一切其他事业，什么事情都应当执行勤俭的原则。这就是节约的原则，节约是社会主义经济的基本原则之一。中国是一个大国，但是现在还很穷，要使中国富起来，需要几十年时间，几十年以后也需要执行勤俭的原则，但是特别要提倡勤俭，特别要注意节约的，是在目前这几十年内，是在目前这几个五年计划的时期内。
　　Diligence and frugality should be practised in running factories and shops and all state-owned, co-operative and other enterprises. The principle of diligence and frugality should be observed in everything. This principle of economy is one of the basic principles of socialist economics. China is a big country, but she is still very poor. It will take several decades to make China prosperous. Even then we will still have to observe the principle of diligence and frugality. But it is in the coming few decades, during the present series of five-year plans, that we must particularly advocate diligence and frugality, that we must pay special attention to economy.

　　　　《勤俭办社》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》上册第一六页
　　　　 Introductory note to "Running a Co-operative Diligently and Frugally" (1955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. I.

任何地方必须十分爱惜人力物力，决不可只顾一时，滥用浪费。任何地方必须从开始工作的那一年起，就计算到将来的很多年，计算到长期坚持战争，计算到反攻，计算到赶走敌人之后的建设。一面决不滥用浪费，一面努力发展生产。过去有些地方缺少长期打算，既未注意节省人力物力，又未注意发展生产，吃了大亏。得了这个教训，现在必须引起注意。
　　Wherever we happen to be, we must treasure our manpower and material resources, and must not take a short view and indulge in wastefulness and extravagance. Wherever we are, from the very first year of our work we must bear in mind the many years to come, the protracted war that must be maintained, the counter-offensive, and the work of reconstruction after the enemy's expulsion. On the one hand, never be wasteful or extravagant; on the other, actively expand production. Previously, in some places people suffered a great deal because they did not take the long view and neglected economy in manpower and material resources and the expansion of production. The lesson is there and attention must be called to it.

　　　　《必须学会做经济工作》（一九四五年一月十日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零一九页
　　　　 "We Must Learn to Do Economic Work" (January 10, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 244.

为了迅速地恢复和发展农业生产和市镇上的工业生产，在消灭封建制度的斗争中，必须注意尽一切努力最大限度地保存一切可用的生产资料和生活资料，采取办法坚决地反对任何人对于生产资料和生活资料的破坏和浪费，反对大吃大喝，注意节约。
　　In order to speed up this restoration and development [of agricultural production and industrial production in small towns], we must do our utmost, in the course of our struggle for the abolition of the feudal system, to preserve all useful means of production and of livelihood, take resolute measures against anyone's destroying or wasting them, oppose extravagant eating and drinking and pay attention to thrift and economy.

　　　　《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》（一九四八年四月一日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一三一四页
　　　　"Speech at a Conference of Cadres in the Shansi-Suiyuan Liberated Area" (April 1, 1948), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 238.

财政的支出，应该根据节省的方针。应该使一切政府工作人员明白，贪污和浪费是极大的犯罪。反对贪污和浪费的斗争，过去有了些成绩，以后还应用力。节省每一个铜板为着战争和革命事业，为着我们的经济建设，是我们的会计制度的原则。
　　Thrift should be the guiding principle in our government expenditure. It should be made clear to all government workers that corruption and waste are very great crimes. Our campaigns against corruption and waste have already achieved some results, but further efforts are required. Our system of accounting must be guided by the principle of saving every copper for the war effort, for the revolutionary cause and for our economic construction.

　　　　《我们的经济政策》（一九三四年一月二十三日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一二九页
　　　　"Our Economic Policy" (January 23, 1934), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 145.

在我们的许多工作人员中间，现在滋长着一种不愿意和群众同甘苦，喜欢计较个人名利的危险倾向，这是很不好的。我们在增产节约运动中要求精简机关，下放干部，使相当大的一批干部回到生产中去，就是克服这种危险倾向的一个方法。
　　A dangerous tendency has shown itself of late among many of our personnel - an unwillingness to share the joys and hardships of the masses, a concern for personal fame and gain. This is very bad. One way of overcoming it is to simplify our organizations in the course of our campaign to increase production and practise economy, and to transfer cadres to lower levels so that a considerable number will return to productive work.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三六页
　　　　"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p 71.

军队生产自给，不但改善了生活，减轻了人民负担，并因而能够扩大军队，而且立即带来了许多副产物。这些副产物就是：（一）改善官兵关系。官兵一道生产劳动，亲如兄弟了。（二）增强劳动观念。……生产自给以来，劳动观念加强了，二流子的习气被改造了。（三）增强纪律性。在生产中执行劳动纪律，不但不会减弱战斗纪律和军人生活纪律，反而会增强它们。（四）改善军民关系。部队有了家务，侵害老百姓财物的事就少了，或者完全没有了。在生产中，军民变工互助，更增强他们之间的友好关系。（五）军队埋怨政府的事也会少了，军政关系也好了。（六）促进人民的大生产运动。军队生产了，机关生产更显得必要，更有劲了；全体人民的普遍增产运动，当然也更显得必要，更有劲了。
　　Production by the army for its own support has not only improved the army's living conditions and lightened the burden on the people, thereby making it possible further to expand the army. In addition, it has had many immediate side-effects. They are as follows:
(1) Improved relations between officers and men. Officers and men work together in production and become like brothers.
(2) Better attitude to labour.... since the army began to produce for its own support, the attitude to labour has improved and loafer ways have been overcome.
(3) Strengthened discipline. Far from weakening discipline in battle and in army life, labour discipline in production actually strengthens it.
(4) Improved relations between the army and the people. Once an armed force begins to "keep house" for itself, encroachments upon the property of the people seldom or never occur. As the army and the people exchange labour and help each other in production, the friendship between them is strengthened.
(5) Less grumbling in the army about the government and improved relations between the two.
(6) An impetus to the great production campaign of the people. Once the army engages in production, the need for government and other organizations to do likewise becomes more obvious, and they do so more energetically; also, the need for a universal campaign of the whole people to increase production naturally becomes more obvious, and this too is carried on more energetically.

　　　　《论军队生产自给，兼论整风和生产两大运动的重要性》（一九四五年四月二十七日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一一零七页
　　　　 "On Production by the Army for Its Own Support and on the Importance of the Great Movements for Rectification and for Production" (April 27, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 327-28.*

有人说：部队生产，就不能作战和训练了；机关生产，就不能工作了。这种说法是不对的。最近几年，我们边区部队从事大量的生产，衣食丰足，同时又进行练兵，又有政治和文化学习，这些都比从前有更大的成绩，军队内部的团结和军民之间的团结，也比从前更好了。在前方，去年一年进行了大规模的生产运动，可是去年一年作战方面有很大的成绩，并且普遍地开始了练兵运动。机关因为生产，工作人员生活改善了，工作更安心、更有效率，边区和前方都是这样。
　　Some people say that if the army units go in for production, they will be unable to train or fight and that if the government and other organizations do so, they will be unable to do their own work. This is a false argument. In recent years our army units in the Border Region have undertaken production on a big scale to provide themselves with ample food and clothing and have simultaneously done their training and conducted their political studies and literacy and other courses much more successfully than before, and there is greater unity than ever within the army and between the army and the people. While there was a large-scale production campaign at the front last year, great successes were gained in the fighting and in addition an extensive training campaign was started. And thanks to production, the personnel of the government and other organizations live a better life and work with greater devotion and efficiency; this is the case both in the Border Region and at the front.

　　　　《必须学会做经济工作》（一九四五年一月十日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零一八页
　　　　 "We Must Learn to Do Economic Work" (January 10, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 243-44.

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二十一、自力更生，艰苦奋斗
21. SELF-RELIANCE AND ARDUOUS STRUGGLE
　　　　

我们的方针要放在什么基点上？放在自己力量的基点上，叫做自力更生。我们并不孤立，全世界一切反对帝国主义的国家和人民都是我们的朋友。但是我们强调自力更生，我们能够依靠自己组织的力量，打败一切中外反动派。
　　On what basis should our policy rest? It should rest on our own strength, and that means regeneration through one's own efforts. We are not alone; all the countries and people in the world opposed to imperialism are our friends. Nevertheless, we stress regeneration through our own efforts. Relying on the forces we ourselves organize, we can defeat all Chinese and foreign reactionaries.

　　　　《抗日战争胜利后的时局和我们的方针》（一九四五年八月十三日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一三二页
　　　　 "The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan" (August 13, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 20.

我们是主张自力更生的。我们希望有外援，但是我们不能依赖它，我们依靠自己的努力，依靠全体军民的创造力。
　　We stand for self-reliance. We hope for foreign aid but cannot be dependent on it; we depend on our own efforts, on the creative power of the whole army and the entire people.

　　　　《必须学会做经济工作》（一九四五年一月十日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零一五页
　　　　 "We Must Learn to Do Economic Work" (January 10, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 241.

夺取全国胜利，这只是万里长征走完了第一步。……中国的革命是伟大的，但革命以后的路程更长，工作更伟大，更艰苦。这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
　　To win country-wide victory is only the first step in a long march of ten thousand li.... The Chinese revolution is great, but the road after the revolution will be longer, the work greater and more arduous. This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be helped to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be helped to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.

　　　　《在中国共产党第七届中央委员会第二次全体会议上的报告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四三九——一四四零页
　　　　 "Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 374.*

干部中一切不经过自己艰苦奋斗、流血流汗，而依靠意外便利、侥幸取胜的心理，必须扫除干净。
　　We must thoroughly clear away all ideas among our cadres of winning easy victories through good luck, without hard and bitter struggle, without sweat and blood.

　　　　《建立巩固的东北根据地》（一九四五年十月二十八日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一七九页
　　　　 "Build Stable Base Areas in the Northeast" (December 28, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 84.

我们应当把世界进步的情况和光明的前途，常常向人民宣传，使人民建立起胜利的信心，同时，我们还要告诉人民，告诉同志们，道路是曲折的。在革命的道路上还有许多障碍物，还有许多困难。我们党的七次代表大会设想过许多困难，我们宁肯把困难想得更多一些，有些同志不愿意多想困难。但是困难是事实，有多少就得承认多少，不能采取“不承认主义”。我们要承认困难，分析困难，向困难作斗争。世界上没有直路，要准备走曲折的路，不要贪便宜。不能设想，那一天早上，一切反动派会统统自己跪在地下。总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。我们面前困难还多，不可忽视。我们和全体人民团结起来，共同努力，一定能够排除万难，达到胜利的目的。
　　We should carry on constant propaganda among the people on the facts of world progress and the bright future ahead so that they will build their confidence in victory. At the same time, we must tell the people and tell our comrades that there will be twists and turns in our road, There are still many obstacles and difficulties along the road of revolution. The Seventh Congress of our Party assumed that the difficulties would be many, for we preferred to assume there would be more difficulties rather than less. Some comrades do not like to think much about difficulties. But difficulties are facts; we must recognize as many difficulties as there are and should not adopt a "policy of non-recognition". We must recognize difficulties, analyse them and combat them. There are no straight roads in the world; we must be prepared to follow a road which twists and turns and not try to get things on the cheap. It must not be imagined that one fine morning all the reactionaries will go down on their knees of their own accord. In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. There are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook. By uniting with the entire people in a common effort, we can certainly overcome all difficulties and win victory.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一六二页
　　　　 "On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 59-60.

谁要是只看见光明一面，不看见困难一面，谁就会不能很好地为实现党的任务而斗争。
　　Anyone who sees only the bright side but not the difficulties cannot fight effectively for the accomplishment of the Party's tasks.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九四页
　　　　"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 314.

社会的财富是工人、农民和劳动知识分子自己创造的。只要这些人掌握了自己的命运，又有一条马克思列宁主义的路线，不是回避问题，而是用积极的态度去解决问题，任何人间的困难总是可以解决的。
　　The wealth of society is created by the workers, peasants and working intellectuals. If they take their destiny into their own hands, follow a Marxist-Leninist line and take an active attitude in solving problems instead of evading them, there will be no difficulty in the world which they cannot overcome.

　　　　《书记动手，全党办社》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》上册第五——六页
　　　　 Introductory note to "The Party Secretary Takes the Lead and All the Party Members Help Run the Co-operatives" (1955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. I.

全党同志都必须充分地估计到，并准备用百折不回的毅力，有计划地克服所有的困难。反动势力面前和我们面前都有困难。但是反动势力的困难是不可能克服的，因为他们是接近于死亡的没有前途的势力。我们的困难是能够克服的，因为我们是新兴的有光明前途的势力。
　　The comrades throughout the Party must take all this fully into account and be prepared to overcome all difficulties with an indomitable will and in a planned way. The reactionary forces and we both have difficulties. But the difficulties of the reactionary forces are insurmountable because they are forces on the verge of death and have no future. Our difficulties can be overcome because we are new and rising forces and have a bright future.

　　　　《迎接中国革命的新高潮》（一九四七年二月一日），毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二一四——一二一五页
　　　　 "Greet the New High Tide of the Chinese Revolution" (February 1, 1947), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 125.

我们的同志在困难的时候，要看到成绩，要看到光明，要提高我们的勇气。
　　In times of difficulty we must not lose sight of our achievements, must see the bright future and must pluck up our courage.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零四页
　　　　 "Serve the People" (September 8, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 227-28.

任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。在社会主义事业中，要想不经过艰难曲折，不付出极大努力，总是一帆风顺，容易得到成功，这种想法，只是幻想。
　　New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow. It is sheer fantasy to imagine that the cause of socialism is all plain sailing and easy success, without difficulties and setbacks or the exertion of tremendous efforts.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第一七页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 32-33.

革命斗争中的某些时候，困难条件超过顺利条件，在这种时候，困难是矛盾的主要方面，顺利是其次要方面。然而由于革命党人的努力，能够逐步地克服困难，开展顺利的新局面，困难的局面让位于顺利的局面。
　　At certain times in the revolutionary struggle, the difficulties outweigh the favourable conditions and so constitute the principal aspect of the contradiction and the favourable conditions constitute the secondary aspect. But through their efforts the revolutionaries can overcome the difficulties step by step and open up a favourable new situation, thus a difficult situation yields place to a favourable one.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月）《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三一三页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 335.

什么叫工作，工作就是斗争。那些地方有困难、有问题，需要我们去解决。我们是为着解决困难去工作、去斗争的。越是困难的地方越是要去，这才是好同志。
　　What is work? Work is struggle. There are difficulties and problems in those places for us to overcome and solve. We go there to work and struggle to overcome these difficulties. A good comrade is one who is more eager to go where the difficulties are greater.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日。），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一六零页
　　　　 "On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 58.

中国古代有个寓言，叫做“愚公移山”。说的是古代有一位老人，住在华北，名叫北山愚公。他的家门南面有两座大山挡住他家的出路，一座叫做太行山，一座叫做王屋山。愚公下决心率领他的儿子们要用锄头挖去这两座大山。有个老头子名叫智叟的看了发笑，说是你们这样干未免太愚蠢了，你们父子数人要挖掉这样两座大山是完全不可能的。愚公回答说：我死了以后有我的儿子，儿子死了，又有孙子，子子孙孙是没有穷尽的。这两座山虽然很高，却是不会再增高了，挖一点就会少一点。为什么挖不平呢？愚公批驳了智叟的错误思想，毫不动摇，每天挖山不止。这件事感动了上帝，他就派了两个神仙下凡，把两座山背走了。现在也有两座压在中国人民头上的大山，一座叫做帝国主义，一座叫做封建主义。中国共产党早就下了决心，要挖掉这两座山。我们一定要坚持下去，一定要不断地工作，我们也会感动上帝的。这个上帝不是别人，就是全中国的人民大众。全国人民大众一齐起来和我们一道挖这两座山，有什么挖不平呢？
　　There is an ancient Chinese fable called "The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains". It tells of an old man who lived in northern China long, long ago and was known as the Foolish Old Man of North Mountain. His house faced south and beyond his doorway stood the two great peaks, Taihang and Wangwu, obstructing the way. With great determination, he led his sons in digging up these mountains hoe in hand. Another greybeard, known as the Wise Old Man, saw them and said derisively, "How silly of you to do this! It is quite impossible for you few to dig up these two huge mountains." The Foolish Old Man replied, "When I die, my sons will carry on; when they die, there will be my grandsons, and then their sons and grandsons, and so on to infinity. High as they are, the mountains cannot grow any higher and with every bit we dig, they will be that much lower. Why can't we clear them away?" Having refuted the Wise Old Man's wrong view, he went on digging every day, unshaken in his conviction. God was moved by this, and he sent down two angels, who carried the mountains away on their backs. Today, two big mountains lie like a dead weight on the Chinese people. One is imperialism, the other is feudalism. The Chinese Communist Party has long made up its mind to dig them up. We must persevere and work unceasingly, and we, too, will touch God's heart. Our God is none other than the masses of the Chinese people. If they stand up and dig together with us, why can't these two mountains be cleared away?

　　　　《愚公移山》（一九四五年六月十一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一一零二页
　　　　 "The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains" (June 11, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 322.*

<返回目录>

二十二、思想方法和工作方法
22. METHODS OF THINKING AND METHODS OF WORK
　　　　

人类的历史，就是一个不断地从必然王国向自由王国发展的历史。这个历史永远不会完结。在有阶级存在的社会内，阶级斗争不会完结。在无阶级存在的社会内，新与旧、正确与错误之间的斗争永远不会完结。在生产斗争和科学实验范围内，人类总是不断发展的，自然界也总是不断发展的，永远不会停止在一个水平上。因此，人类总得不断地总结经验，有所发现，有所发明，有所创造，有所前进。停止的论点，悲观的论点，无所作为和骄傲自满的论点都是错误的。其所以是错误，因为这些论点，不符合大约一百万年以来人类社会发展的历史事实，也不符合迄今为止我们所知道的自然界（例如天体史，地球史，生物史，其他各种自然科学史所反映的自然界）的历史事实。
　　The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. This process is never-ending. In any society in which classes exist class struggle will never end. In classless society the struggle between the new and the old and between truth and falsehood will never end. In the fields of the struggle for production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress and nature undergoes constant change, they never remain at the same level. Therefore, man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. Ideas of stagnation, pessimism, inertia and complacency are all wrong. They are wrong because they agree neither with the historical facts of social development over the past million years, nor with the historical facts of nature so far known to us (i.e., nature as revealed in the history of celestial bodies, the earth, life, and other natural phenomena).

　　　　转摘自《周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上的政府工作报告》，一九六四年十二月三十一日《人民日报》
　　　　 Quoted in "Premier Chou Enlai's Report on the Work of the Government to the First Session of the Third National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China" (December 21-22, 1964).

自然科学是人们争取自由的一种武装。人们为着要在社会上得到自由，就要用社会科学来了解社会，改造社会进行社会革命。人们为着要在自然界里得到自由，就要用自然科学来了解自然，克服自然和改造自然，从自然里得到自由。
　　Natural science is one of man's weapons in his fight for freedom. For the purpose of attaining freedom in society, man must use social science to understand and change society and carry out social revolution. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use natural science to understand, conquer and change nature and thus attain freedom from nature.

　　　　在边区自然科学研究会成立大会上的讲话（一九四零年二月五日），一九四零年三月十五日《新中华报》
　　　　 "Speech at the inaugural meeting of the Natural Science Research Society of the Border Region" (February 5, 1940).

马克思主义的哲学辩证唯物论有两个最显著的特点：一个是它的阶级性，公然申明辨证唯物论是为无产阶级服务的；再一个是它的实践性，强调理论对于实践的依赖关系，理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。
　　The Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism has two outstanding characteristics. One is its class nature: it openly avows that dialectical materialism is in the service of the proletariat. The other is its practicality: it emphasizes the dependence of theory on practice, emphasizes that theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二七三页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 297.

马克思主义的哲学认为十分重要的问题，不在于懂得了客观世界的规律性，因而能够解释世界，而在于拿了这种对于客观规律性的认识去能动地改造世界。
　　Marxist philosophy holds that the most important problem does not lie in understanding the laws of the objective world and thus being able to explain it, but in applying the knowledge of these laws actively to change the world.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二八零——二八一页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 304.

人的正确思想是从那里来的？是从天上掉下来的吗？不是。是自己头脑里固有的吗？不是。人的正确思想，只能从社会实践中来，只能从社会的生产斗争、阶级斗争和科学实验这三项实践中来。
　　Where do correct ideas come from? Do they drop from the skies? No. Are they innate in the mind? No. They come from social practice, and from it alone; they come from three kinds of social practice, the struggle for production, the class struggle and scientific experiment.

　　　　《人的正确思想是从那里来的？》（一九六三年五月），人民出版社版第一页
　　　　 "Where Do Correct Ideas Come from?" (May 1963), 1st pocket ed., p. 1.

人们的社会存在，决定人们的思想。而代表先进阶级的正确思想，一旦被群众掌握，就会变成改造社会、改造世界的物质力量。
　　It is man's social being that determines his thinking. Once the correct ideas characteristic of the advanced class are grasped by the masses, these ideas turn into a material force which changes society and changes the world.

　　　　《人的正确思想是从那里来的？》（一九六三年五月），人民出版社版第一页
　　　　 Ibid.

人们在社会实践中从事各项斗争，有了丰富的经验，有成功的，有失败的。无数客观外界的现象通过人的眼、耳、鼻、舌、身这五个官能反映到自己的头脑中来，开始是感性认识。这种感性认识的材料积累多了，就会产生一个飞跃，变成了理性认识，这就是思想。这是一个认识过程。这是整个认识过程的第一个阶段，即由客观物质到主观精神的阶段，由存在到思想的阶段。这时候的精神、思想（包括理论、政策、计划、办法）是否正确地反映了客观外界的规律，还是没有证明的，还不能确定是否正确，然后又有认识过程的第二个阶段，即由精神到物质的阶段，由思想到存在的阶段，这就是把第一个阶段得到的认识放到社会实践中去，看这些理论、政策、计划、办法等等是否能得到预期的成功。一般的说来，成功了的就是正确的，失败了的就是错误的，特别是人类对自然界的斗争是如此。在社会斗争中，代表先进阶级的势力，有时候有些失败，并不是因为思想不正确，而是因为在斗争力量的对比上，先进势力这一方，暂时还不如反动势力那一方，所以暂时失败了，但是以后总有一天会要成功的。人们的认识经过实践的考验，又会产生一个飞跃。这次飞跃，比起前一次飞跃来，意义更加伟大。因为只有这一次飞跃才能证明认识的第一次飞跃，即从客观外界的反映过程中得到的思想、理论、计划、办法等等，究竟是正确的还是错误的，此外再无别的检验真理的办法。
　　In their social practice, men engage in various kinds of struggle and gain rich experience, both from their successes and from their failures. Countless phenomena of the objective external world are reflected in a man's brain through his five sense organs - the organs of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. At first, knowledge is perceptual. The leap to conceptual knowledge, i e., to ideas, occurs when sufficient perceptual knowledge is accumulated. This is one process in cognition. It is the first stage in the whole process of cognition, the stage leading from objective matter to subjective consciousness, from existence to ideas. Whether or not one's consciousness or ideas (including theories, policies, plans or measures) do correctly reflect the laws of the objective external world is not yet proved at this stage, in which it is not yet possible to ascertain whether they are correct or not. Then comes the second stage in the process of cognition, the stage leading from consciousness back to matter, from ideas back to existence, in which the knowledge gained in the first stage is applied in social practice to ascertain whether the theories, policies, plans or measures meet with the anticipated success. Generally speaking, those that succeed are correct and those that fail are incorrect, and this is especially true of man's struggle with nature. In social struggle, the forces representing the advanced class sometimes suffer defeat not because their ideas are incorrect but because, in the balance of forces engaged in struggle, they are not as powerful for the time being as the forces of reaction; they are therefore temporarily defeated, but they are bound to triumph sooner or later. Man's knowledge makes another leap through the test of practice. This leap is more important than the previous one. For it is this leap alone that can prove the correctness or incorrectness of the first leap in cognition, i.e., of the ideas, theories, policies, plans or measures formulated in the course of reflecting the objective external world. There is no other way of testing truth.

　　　　《人的正确思想是从那里来的？》（一九六三年五月），人民出版社版第一——二页
　　　　 Ibid., pp. 1-3.*

一个正确的认识，往往需要经过由物质到精神，由精神到物质，即由实践到认识，由认识到实践这样多次的反复，才能够完成。这就是马克思主义的认识论，就是辩证唯物论的认识论。
　　Often, correct knowledge can be arrived at only after many repetitions of the process leading from matter to consciousness and then back to matter, that is, leading from practice to knowledge and then back to practice. Such is the Marxist theory of knowledge, the dialectical materialist theory of knowledge.

　　　　《人的正确思想是从那里来的？》（一九六三年五月），人民出版社版第三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 3.*

无论何人要认识什么事物，除了同那个事物接触，即生活于（实践于）那个事物的环境中，是没有法子解决的。……你要有知识，你就得参加变革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃。……你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。
　　Whoever wants to know a thing has no way of doing so except by coming into contact with it, that is, by living (practising) in its environment. ... If you want knowledge, you must take part in the practice of changing reality. If you want to know the taste of a pear, you must change the pear by eating it yourself.... If you want to know the theory and methods of revolution, you must take part in revolution. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二七五——二七六页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 299-300.

认识从实践始，经过实践得到了理论的认识，还须再回到实践去。认识的能动作用，不但表现于从感性的认识到理性的认识之能动的飞跃，更重要的还须表现于从理性的认识到革命的实践这一个飞跃。
　　Knowledge begins with practice, and theoretical knowledge which is acquired through practice must then return to practice. The active function of knowledge manifests itself not only in the active leap from perceptual to rational knowledge, but - and this is more important - it must manifest itself in the leap from rational knowledge to revolutionary practice.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二八一页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 304.*

大家明白。不论做什么事，不懂得那件事的情形，它的性质，它和它以外的事情的关联，就不知道那件事的规律，就不知道如何去做，就不能做好那件事。
　　It is well known that when you do anything, unless you understand its actual circumstances, its nature and its relations to other things, you will not know the laws governing it, or know how to do it, or be able to do it well.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一六三——一六四页
　　　　 "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 179.

人们要想得到工作的胜利即得到预想的结果，一定要使自己的思想合于客观外界的规律性，如果不合，就会在实践中失败。人们经过失败之后，也就从失败取得教训，改正自己的思想使之适合于外界的规律性，人们就能变失败为胜利，所谓“失败者成功之母”，“吃一堑长一智”，就是这个道理。
　　If a man wants to succeed in his work, that is, to achieve the anticipated results, he must bring his ideas into correspondence with the laws of the objective external world; if they do not correspond, he will fail in his practice. After he fails, he draws his lessons, corrects his ideas to make them correspond to the laws of the external world, and can thus turn failure into success; this is what is meant by "failure is the mother of success" and "a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit".

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二七三页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 296-97.

我们是马克思主义者，马克思主义叫我们看问题不要从抽象的定义出发，而要从客观存在的事实出发，从分析这些事实中找出方针、政策、办法来。
　　We are Marxists, and Marxism teaches that in our approach to a problem we should start from objective facts, not from abstract definitions, and that we should derive our guiding principles, policies and measures from an analysis of these facts.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八五五页
　　　　 "Talks at the Yen'an Forum on Literature and Art" (May 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 74.

按照实际情况决定工作方针，这是一切共产党员所必须牢牢记住的最基本的工作方法。我们所犯的错误，研究其发生的原因，都是由于我们离开了当时当地的实际情况，主观地决定自己的工作方针。
　　The most fundamental method of work which all Communists must firmly bear in mind is to determine our working policies according to actual conditions. When we study the causes of the mistakes we have made, we find that they all arose because we departed from the actual situation at a given time and place and were subjective in determining our working policies.

　　　　《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》（一九四八年四月一日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一三零六页
　　　　 "Speech at a Conference of Cadres in the Shansi-Suiyuan Liberated Area" (April 1, 1948), Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 229-30.*

世界上只有唯心论和形而上学最省力，因为它可以由人们瞎说一气，不要根据客观实际，也不受客观实际检查的。唯物论和辩证法则要用气力，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检查，不用气力就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。
　　Idealism and metaphysics are the easiest things in the world, because people can talk as much nonsense as they like without basing it on objective reality or having it tested against reality. Materialism and dialectics, on the other hand, need effort. They must be based on and tested by objective reality. Unless one makes the effort one is liable to slip into idealism and metaphysics.

　　　　《关于胡风反革命集团的材料》按语（一九五五年五月），《关于胡风反革命集团的材料》人民出版社版第七零页
　　　　 Introductory note to "Material on the Hu Feng Counter-Revolutionary Clique" (May 1955).

我们看事情必须要看它的实质，而把它的现象只看作入门的向导，一进了门就要抓住它的实质，这才是可靠的科学的分析方法。
　　When we look at a thing, we must examine its essence and treat its appearance merely as an usher at the threshold, and once we cross the threshold, we must grasp the essence of the thing; this is the only reliable and scientific method of analysis.

　　　　《星星之火，可以燎原》（一九三零年一月五日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一零三页
　　　　 "A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire" (January 5, 1930), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 119.

事物发展的根本原因，不是在事物的外部而是在事物的内部，在于事物内部的矛盾性。任何事物内部都有这种矛盾性，因此引起了事物的运动和发展。事物内部的这种矛盾性是事物发展的根本原因，一事物和他事物的互相联系和互相影响则是事物发展的第二位的原因。
　　The fundamental cause of the development of a thing is not external but internal; it lies in the contradictoriness within the thing. This internal contradiction exists in every single thing, hence its motion and development. Contradictoriness within a thing is the fundamental cause of its development, while its interrelations and interactions with other things are secondary causes.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二八九——二九零页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 313.

唯物辩证法认为外因是变化的条件，内因是变化的根据，外因通过内因而起作用。鸡蛋因得适当的温度而变化为鸡子，但温度不能使石头变为鸡子，因为二者的根据是不同的。
　　It [materialist dialectics] holds that external causes are the condition of change and internal causes are the basis of change, and that external causes become operative through internal causes. In a suitable temperature an egg changes into a chicken, but no temperature can change a stone into a chicken, because each has a different basis.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年蜍月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二九一页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 314.

马克思主义的哲学认为，对立统一规律是宇宙的根本规律。这个规律，不论在自然界、人类社会和人们的思想中，都是普遍存在的。矛盾着的对立面又统一，又斗争，由此推动事物的运动和变化。矛盾是普遍存在的，不过按事物的性质不同，矛盾的性质也就不同，对于任何一个具体的事物说来，对立的统一是有条件的、暂时的、过渡的，因而是相对的，对立的斗争则是绝对的。
　　Marxist philosophy holds that the law of the unity of opposites is the fundamental law of the universe. This law operates universally, whether in the natural world, in human society, or in man's thinking. Between the opposites in a contradiction there is at once unity and struggle, and it is this that impels things to move and change. Contradictions exist everywhere, but they differ in accordance with the different nature of different things. In any given phenomenon or thing, the unity of opposites is conditional, temporary and transitory, and hence relative, whereas the struggle of opposites is absolute.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第九——一零页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 18.

分析的方法就是辩证的方法。所谓分析，就是分析事物的矛盾。不熟悉生活，对于所论的矛盾不真正了解，就不可能有中肯的分析。
　　The analytical method is dialectical. By analysis, we mean analysing the contradictions in things. And sound analysis is impossible without intimate knowledge of life and without real understanding of the pertinent contradictions.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一五页
　　　　 "Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), l5t pocket ed., p. 20.

列宁说，对于具体情况作具体的分析，是“马克思主义的最本质的东西，马克思主义的活的灵魂”。我们许多同志缺乏分析的头脑，对于复杂事物，不愿作反复深入的分析研究，而爱作绝对肯定或绝对否定的简单结论。……今后应该改善这种状况。
　　Concrete analysis of concrete conditions, Lenin said, is "the most essential thing in Marxism, the living soul of Marxism". Lacking an analytical approach, many of our comrades do not want to go deeply into complex matters, to analyse and study them over and over again, but like to draw simple conclusions which are either absolutely affirmative or absolutely negative.... From now on we should remedy this state of affairs.

　　　　《学习和时局》（一九四四年四月十二日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九四三页
　　　　 "Our Study and the Current Situation" (April 12, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 165.

这些同志看问题的方法不对。他们不去看问题的本质方面，主流方面，而是强调那些非本质方面、非主流方面的东西。应当指出：不能忽略非本质方面和非主流方面的问题，必须逐一地将它们解决。但是，不应当将这些看成为本质和主流，以致迷惑了自己的方向。
　　The way these comrades look at problems is wrong. They do not look at the essential or main aspects but emphasize the non-essential or minor ones. It should be pointed out that these non-essential or minor aspects must not be overlooked and must be dealt with one by one. But they should not be taken as the essential or main aspects, or we will lose our bearings.

　　　　《关于农业合作化问题》（一九五五年七月三十一日），《人民出版社版第二一页
　　　　 "On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation" (July 31, 1955), 3rd ed., pp. 17-18.

世界上的事情是复杂的，是由各方面的因素决定的。看问题要从各方面去看，不能只从单方面看。
　　In this world, things are complicated and are decided by many factors. We should look at problems from different aspects, not from just one.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一五六页
　　　　"On the Chungking Negotiations'' (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 54.

只有那些主观地、片面地和表面地看问题的人，跑到一个地方，不问环境的情况，不看事情的全体（事情的历史和全部现状），也不触到事情的本质（事情的性质及此一事情和其他事情的内部联系），就自以为是地发号施令起来，这样的人是没有不跌交子的。
　　Only those who are subjective, one-sided and superficial in their approach to problems will smugly issue orders or directives the moment they arrive on the scene, without considering the circumstances, without viewing things in their totality (their history and their present state as a whole) and without getting to the essence of things (their nature and the internal relations between one thing and another). Such people are bound to trip and fall.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二七八——二七九页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 302.

研究问题，忌带主观性、片面性和表面性。所谓主观性，就是不知道客观地看问题，也就是不知道用唯物的观点去看问题。这一点，我在《实践论》一文中已经说过了。所谓片面性，就是不知道全面地看问题。……或者叫做只看见局部，不看见全体，只看见树木，不看见森林。这样，是不能找出解决矛盾的方法的，是不能完成革命任务的，是不能做好所任工作的，是不能正确地发展党内的思想斗争的。孙子论军事说：“知彼知己，百战不殆。”他说的是作战的双方。唐朝人魏征说过：“兼听则明，偏信则暗。”也懂得片面性不对。可是我们的同志看问题，往往带片面性，这样的人就往往碰钉子。……列宁说：“要真正地认识对象，就必须把握和研究它的一切方面、一切联系和‘媒介’。我们决不会完全地作到这一点，可是要求全面性，将使我们防止错误，防止僵化。”我们应该记得他的话。表面性，是对矛盾总体和矛盾各方的特点都不去看，否认深入事物里面精细地研究矛盾特点的必要，仅仅站在那里远远地望一望，粗枝大叶地看到一点矛盾的形相，就想动手去解决矛盾（答复问题、解决纠纷、处理工作、指挥战争）。这样的做法，没有不出乱子的。……片面性、表面性也是主观性，因为一切客观事物本来是互相联系的和具有内部规律的，人们不去如实地反映这些情况，而只是片面地或表面地去看它们，不认识事物的互相联系，不认识事物的内部规律，所以这种方法是主观主义的。
　　In studying a problem, we must shun subjectivity, one-sidedness and superficiality. To be subjective means not to look at problems objectively, that is, not to use the materialist viewpoint in looking at problems. I have discussed this in my essay "On Practice". To be one-sided means not to look at problems all-sidedly.... Or it may be called seeing the part but not the whole, seeing the trees but not the forest. That way it is impossible to find the method for resolving a contradiction, it is impossible to accomplish the tasks of the revolution, to carry out assignments well or to develop inner-Party ideological struggle correctly. When Sun Wu Tzu said in discussing military science, "Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat", he was referring to the two sides in a battle. Wei Cheng of the Tang Dynasty also understood the error of one-sidedness when he said, "Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened, heed only one side and you will be benighted." But our comrades often look at problems one-sidedly, and so they often run into snags. ... Lenin said: "... in order really to know an object we must embrace, study, all its sides, all connections and "mediations". We shall never achieve this completely, but the demand for all-sidedness is a safeguard against mistakes and rigidity." We should remember his words. To be superficial means to consider neither the characteristics of a contradiction in its totality nor the characteristics of each of its aspects; it means to deny the necessity for probing deeply into a thing and minutely studying the characteristics of its contradiction, but instead merely to look from afar and, after glimpsing the rough outline, immediately to try to resolve the contradiction (to answer a question, settle a dispute, handle work, or direct a military operation). This way of doing things is bound to lead to trouble. ...To be one-sided and superficial is at the same time to be subjective. For all objective things are actually interconnected and are governed by inner laws, but, instead of undertaking the task of reflecting things as they really are, some people only look at things one-sidedly or superficially and know neither their interconnections nor their inner laws, and so their method is subjectivist.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三零零——三零二页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 323-24.*

片面性就是思想上的绝对化，就是形而上学地看问题。对于我们的工作的看法，肯定一切或者否定一切，都是片面性的。……肯定一切，就是只看到好的，看不到坏的，只能赞扬，不能批评。说我们的工作似乎一切都好，这不合乎事实。不是一切都好，还有缺点和错误。但是也不是一切都坏，这也不合乎事实。要加以分析。否定一切，就是不加分析地认为事情都做得不好，社会主义建设这样一个伟大事业，几亿人口所进行的这个伟大斗争，似乎没有什么好处可说，一团糟。许多具有这种看法的人，虽然和那些对社会主义制度心怀敌意的人还不相同，但是这种看法是很错误的，很有害的，它只会使人丧失信心。不论是用肯定一切的观点或者否定一切的观点来看我们的工作，都是错误的。
　　One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, a metaphysical approach to problems. In the appraisal of our work, it is one-sided to regard everything either as all positive or as all negative. ... To regard everything as positive is to see only the good and not the bad, and to tolerate only praise and no criticism. To talk as though our work is good in every respect is at variance with the facts. It is not true that everything is good; there are still shortcomings and mistakes. But neither is it true that everything is bad, and that, too, is at variance with the facts. Here analysis is necessary. To negate everything is to think, without having made any analysis, that nothing has been done well and that the great work of socialist construction, the great struggle in which hundreds of millions of people are participating, is a complete mess with nothing in it worth commending. Although there is a difference between the many people who hold such views and those who are hostile to the socialist system, these views are very mistaken and harmful and can only dishearten people. It is wrong to appraise our work either from the viewpoint that everything is positive, or from the viewpoint that everything is negative.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一三——一四页
　　　　 "Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 16-17.*

马克思主义者看问题，不但要看到部分，而且要看到全体。一个虾蟆坐在井里说：“天有一个井大。”这是不对的，因为天不止一个井大。如果它说：“天的某一部分有一个井大。”这是对的，因为合乎事实。
　　In approaching a problem a Marxist should see the whole as well as the parts. A frog in a well says, "The sky is no bigger than the mouth of the well." That is untrue, for the sky is not just the size of the mouth of the well. If it said, "A part of the sky is the size of the mouth of a well", that would be true, for it tallies with the facts.

　　　　《论反对日本帝国主义的策略》（一九三五年十二月二十七日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一四四页
　　　　 "On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism" (December 27, 1935), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 159.

我们必须学会全面地看问题，不但要看到事物的正面，也要看到它的反面。在一定的条件下，坏的东西可以引出好的结果，好的东西也可以引出坏的结果。
　　We must learn to look at problems allsidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side of things. In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results and a good thing to bad results.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三四页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 66-67.*

我们承认总的历史发展中是物质的东西决定精神的东西，是社会的存在决定社会的意识；但是同时又承认而且必须承认精神的东西的反作用，社会意识对于社会存在的反作用，上层建筑对于经济基础的反作用。这不是违反唯物论，正是避免了机械唯物论，坚持了辩证唯物论。
　　While we recognize that in the general development of history the material determines the mental and social being determines social consciousness, we also - and indeed must - recognize the reaction of mental on material things, of social consciousness on social being and of the superstructure on the economic base. This does not go against materialism; on the contrary, it avoids mechanical materialism and firmly upholds dialectical materialism.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三一四页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 336.*

指导战争的人们不能超越客观条件许可的限度期求战争的胜利，然而可以而且必须在客观条件的限度之内，能动地争取战争的胜利。战争指挥员活动的舞台，必须建筑在客观条件的许可之上，然而他们凭借这个舞台，却可以导演出很多有声有色、威武雄壮的戏剧来。
　　In seeking victory, those who direct a war cannot overstep the limitations imposed by the objective conditions; within these limitations, however, they can and must play a dynamic role in striving for victory. The stage of action for commanders in a war must be built upon objective possibilities, but on that stage they can direct the performance of many a drama, full of sound and colour, power and grandeur.

　　　　《论持久战》（一九三八年五月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第四六八页
　　　　 "On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 152.

人们的思想必须适应已经变化的情况，当然，任何人不可以无根据地胡思乱想，不可以超越客观情况所许可的条件去计划自己的行动，不要勉强地去做那些实在做不到的事情。但是现在的问题，还是右倾保守思想在许多方面作怪，使许多方面的工作不能适应客观情况的发展。现在的问题是经过努力本来可以做到的事情，却有很多人认为做不到。
　　People must adapt their thinking to the changed conditions. Of course no one should go off into wild flights of fancy, or make plans of action unwarranted by the objective situation, or stretch for the impossible. The problem today, however, is that Rightist conservative thinking is still causing mischief in many spheres and preventing the work in these spheres from keeping pace with the development of the objective situation. The present problem is that many people consider it impossible to accomplish things which could be accomplished if they exerted themselves.

　　　　《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的序言（一九五五年十二月二十七日），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》上册第四页
　　　　 Preface to "The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside" (December 27, 1955), Chinese ed., Vol. I.

凡事应该用脑筋好好想一想。俗话说：“眉头一皱，计上心来。”就是说多想出智慧。要去掉我们党内浓厚的盲目性，必须提倡思索，学会分析事物的方法，养成分析的习惯。
　　We should always use our brains and think everything over carefully. A common saying goes, "Knit your brows and you will hit upon a stratagem." In other words much thinking yields wisdom. In order to get rid of the blindness which exists to a serious extent in our Party, we must encourage our comrades to think, to learn the method of analysis and to cultivate the habit of analysis.

　　　　《学习和时局》（一九四四年四月十二日），《毛泽东选集》第九五二页
　　　　 "Our Study and the Current Situation" (April 12, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 174-75.*

任何过程如果有多数矛盾存在的话，其中必定有一种是主要的，起着领导的、决定的作用，其他则处于次要和服从的地位。因此，研究任何过程，如果是存在着两个以上矛盾的复杂过程的话，就要用全力找出它的主要矛盾。捉住了这个主要矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解了。
　　If in any process there are a number of contradictions, one of them must be the principal contradiction playing the leading and decisive role, while the rest occupy a secondary and subordinate position. Therefore, in studying any complex process in which there are two or more contradictions, we must devote every effort to finding its principal contradiction. Once this principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三一零页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 332.*

矛盾着的两方面中，必有一方面是主要的，他方面是次要的。其主要的方面，即所谓矛盾起主导作用的方面。事物的性质，主要地是由取得支配地位的矛盾的主要方面所规定的。
　　然而这种情形不是固定的，矛盾的主要和非主要的方面互相转化着，事物的性质也就随着起变化。
　　 Of the two contradictory aspects, one must be principal and the other secondary. The principal aspect is the one playing the leading role in the contradiction. The nature of a thing is determined mainly by the principal aspect of a contradiction, the aspect which has gained the dominant position.
　　But this situation is not static; the principal and the non-principal aspects of a contradiction transform themselves into each other and the nature of the thing changes accordingly.

　　　　《矛盾论》（九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三一零页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 333.

我们不但要提出任务，而且要解决完成任务的方法问题。我们的任务是过河，但是没有桥或没有船就不能过。不解决桥或船的问题，过河就是一句空话。不解决方法问题，任务也只是瞎说一顿。
　　It is not enough to set tasks, we must also solve the problem of the methods for carrying them out. If our task is to cross a river, we cannot cross it without a bridge or a boat. Unless the bridge or boat problem is solved, it is idle to speak of crossing the river. Unless the problem of method is solved, talk about the task is useless.

　　　　《关心群众生活，注意工作方法》（一九三四年一月二十七日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一三四页
　　　　 "Be Concerned with the Well-Being of the Masses, Pay Attention to Methods of Work" (January 27, 1934), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 150.

任何工作任务，如果没有一般的普遍的号召，就不能动员广大群众行动起来。但如果只限于一般号召，而领导人员没有具体地直接地从若干组织将所号召的工作深入实施，突破一点，取得经验，然后利用这种经验去指导其他单位，就无法考验自己提出的一般号召是否正确，也无法充实一般号召的内容，就有使一般号召归于落空的危险。
　　In any task, if no general and widespread call is issued, the broad masses cannot be mobilized for action. But if persons in leading positions confine themselves to a general call - if they do not personally, in some of the organizations, go deeply and concretely into the work called for, make a break-through at some single point, gain experience and use this experience for guiding other units - then they will have no way of testing the correctness or of enriching the content of their general call, and there is the danger that nothing may come of it.

　　　　《关于领导方法的若干问题》（一九四三年六月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八九九页
　　　　

任何领导人员，凡不从下级个别单位的个别人员、个别事件取得具体经验者，必不能向一切单位作普遍的指导。这一方法必须普遍地提倡，使各级领导干部都能学会使用。
　　No one in a leading position is competent to give general guidance to all the units unless he derives concrete experience from particular individuals and events in particular subordinate units. This method must be promoted everywhere so that leading cadres at all levels learn to apply it.

　　　　《关于领导方法的若干问题》（一九四三年六月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九零零页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 118.

在任何一个地区内，不能同时有许多中心工作，在一定时间内只能有一个中心工作，辅以别的第二位、第三位的工作。因此，一个地区的总负责人，必须考虑到该处的斗争历史和斗争环境，将各项工作摆在适当的地位；而不是自己全无计划，只按上级指示来一件做一件，形成很多的“中心工作”和凌乱无秩序的状态。上级机关也不要不分轻重缓急地没有中心地同时指定下级机关做很多项工作，以致引起下级在工作步骤上的凌乱，而得不到确定的结果。领导人员依照每一具体地区的历史条件和环境条件，统筹全局，正确地决定每一时期的工作重心和工作秩序，并把这种决定坚持地贯彻下去，务必得到一定的结果，这是一种领导艺术。
　　In any given place, there cannot be a number of central tasks at the same time. At any one time there can be only one central task, supplemented by other tasks of a second or third order of importance. Consequently, the person with over-all responsibility in the locality must take into account the history and circumstances of the struggle there and put the different tasks in their proper order; he should not act upon each instruction as it comes from the higher organization without any planning of his own, and thereby create a multitude of "central tasks" and a state of confusion and disorder. Nor should a higher organization simultaneously assign many tasks to a lower organization without indicating their relative importance and urgency or without specifying which is central, for that will lead to confusion in the steps to be taken by the lower organizations in their work and thus no definite results will be achieved. It is part of the art of leadership to take the whole situation into account and plan accordingly in the light of the historical conditions and existing circumstances of each locality, decide correctly on the centre of gravity and the sequence of the work for each period, steadfastly carry through the decision, and make sure that definite results are achieved.

　　　　《关于领导方法的若干问题》（一九四三年六月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九零三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 121.

必须随时掌握工作进程，交流经验，纠正错误，不要等数月、半年以至一年后，才开总结会，算总帐，总的纠正。这样损失太大，而随时纠正，损失较少。
　　It [a regional or sub-regional bureau of the Central Committee of the Party] should constantly have a grip on the progress of the work, exchange experience and correct mistakes; it should not wait several months, half a year or a year before holding summing-up meetings for a general check-up and a general correction of mistakes. Waiting leads to great loss, while correcting mistakes as soon as they occur reduces loss.

　　　　《关于工商业政策》（一九四八年二月二十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二八页
　　　　 "On the Policy Concerning Industry and Commerce" (February 27, 1948), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 204.

不要等到问题成了堆，闹出了许多乱子，然后才去解决。领导一定要走在运动的前面，不要落在它的后面。
　　Don't wait until problems pile up and cause a lot of trouble before trying to solve them. Leaders must march ahead of the movement, not lag behind it.

　　　　《季节包工》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》下册第一一五九页
　　　　 Introductory note to "Contract on a Seasonal Basis" (I955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. III.

我们需要的是热烈而镇定的情绪，紧张而有秩序的工作。
　　What we need is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一九六——一九七页
　　　　 "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 211.

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二十三、调查研究
23. INVESTIGATION AND STUDY
　　　　

一切实际工作者必须向下作调查。对于只懂得理论不懂得实际情况的人，这种调查工作尤有必要，否则他们就不能将理论和实际相联系。“没有调查就没有发言权”，这句话，虽然曾经被人讥为“狭隘经验论”的，我却至今不悔；不但不悔，我仍然坚持没有调查是不可能有发言权的。有许多人，“下车伊始”，就哇喇哇喇地发议论，提意见，这也批评，那也指责，其实这种人十个有十个要失败。因为这种议论或批评，没有经过周密调查，不过是无知妄说。我们党吃所谓“钦差大臣”的亏，是不可胜数的。而这种“钦差大臣”则是满天飞，几乎到处都有。斯大林的话说得对：“理论若不和革命实践联系起来，就会变成无对象的理论。”当然又是他的话对：“实践若不以革命理论为指南，就会变成盲目的实践。”除了盲目的、无前途的、无远见的实际家，是不能叫做“狭隘经验论”的。
　　Everyone engaged in practical work must investigate conditions at the lower levels. Such investigation is especially necessary for those who know theory but do not know the actual conditions, for otherwise they will not be able to link theory with practice. Although my assertion, "No investigation no right to speak", has been ridiculed as "narrow empiricism", to this day I do not regret having made it; far from regretting it, I still insist that without investigation there cannot possibly be any right to speak. There are many people who "the moment they alight from the official carriage" make a hullabaloo, spout opinions, criticize this and condemn that; but, in fact, ten out of ten of them will meet with failure. For such views or criticisms, which are not based on thorough investigation, are nothing but ignorant twaddle. Countless times our Party suffered at the hands of these "imperial envoys", who rushed here, there and everywhere. Stalin rightly says that "theory becomes purposeless if it is not connected with revolutionary practice". And he rightly adds that "practice gropes in the dark if its path is not illumined by revolutionary theory". Nobody should be labelled a "narrow empiricist" except the "practical man" who gropes in the dark and lacks perspective and foresight.

　　　　《“农村调查”的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第七九一页
　　　　 "Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys" (March and April 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 13.*

这种态度，就是实事求是的态度。“实事”就是客观存在着的一切事物，“是”就是客观事物的内部联系，即规律性，“求”就是我们去研究。我们要从国内外、省内外、县内外、区内外的实际情况出发，从其中引出其固有的而不是臆造的规律性，即找出周围事变的内部联系，作为我们行动的向导。而要这样做，就须不凭主观想像，不凭一时的热情，不凭死的书本，而凭客观存在的事实，详细地占有材料，在马克思列宁主义一般原理的指导下，从这些材料中引出正确的结论。
　　To take such an attitude is to seek truth from facts. "Facts" are all the things that exist objectively, "truth" means their internal relations, that is, the laws governing them, and "to seek" means to study. We should proceed from the actual conditions inside and outside the country, the province, county or district, and derive from them, as our guide to action, laws which are inherent in them and not imaginary, that is, we should find the internal relations of the events occurring around us. And in order to do that we must rely not on subjective imagination, not on momentary enthusiasm, not on lifeless books, but on facts that exist objectively; we must appropriate the material in detail and, guided by the general principles of Marxism-Leninism, draw correct conclusions from it.

　　　　《改造我们的学习》（一九四一年五月）《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八零一页
　　　　 "Reform Our Study" (May 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 22-23.

“闭塞眼睛捉麻雀”，“瞎子摸鱼”，粗枝大叶，夸夸其谈，满足于一知半解，这种极坏的作风，这种完全违反马克思列宁主义基本精神的作风，还在我党许多同志中继续存在着。马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林教导我们认真地研究情况，从客观的真实的情况出发，而不是从主观的愿望出发；我们的许多同志却直接违反这一真理。
　　To behave like "a blindfolded man catching sparrows", or "a blind man groping for fish", to be crude and careless, to indulge in verbiage, to rest content with a smattering of knowledge - such is the extremely bad style of work that still exists among many comrades in our Party, a style utterly opposed to the fundamental spirit of Marxism-Leninism. Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin have taught us that it is necessary to study conditions conscientiously and to proceed from objective reality and not from subjective wishes; but many of our comrades act in direct violation of this truth.

　　　　《改造我们的学习》（一九四一年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第七九七页
　　　　 Ibid. p. 18.

你对于那个问题不能解决么？那末，你就去调查那个问题的现状和它的历史吧！你完完全全调查明白了，你对那个问题就有解决的办法了。一切结论产生于调查情况的末尾，而不是在它的先头。只有蠢人，才是他一个人，或者邀集一堆人，不作调查，而只是冥思苦索地“想办法”，“打主意”。须知这是一定不能想出什么好办法，打出什么好主意的。
　　You can't solve a problem? Well, get down and investigate the present facts and its past history! When you have investigated the problem thoroughly, you will know how to solve it. Conclusions invariably come after investigation, and not before. Only a blockhead cudgels his brains on his own, or together with a group, to "find a solution" or "evolve an idea" without making any investigation. It must be stressed that this cannot possibly lead to any effective solution or any good idea.

　　　　《反对本本主义》（一九三零年五月），人民出版社版第二页
　　　　 "Oppose Book Worship" (May 1930), 1st pocket ed., p. 2.

调查就像“十月怀胎”，解决问题就像“一朝分娩”。调查就是解决问题。
　　Investigation may be likened to the long months of pregnancy, and solving a problem to the day of birth. To investigate a problem is, indeed, to solve it.

　　　　《反对本本主义》（一九三零年五月），人民出版社版第三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 3.

应用马克思列宁主义的理论和方法，对周围环境作系统的周密的调查和研究。不是单凭热情去工作，而是如同斯大林所说的那样：把革命气概和实际精神结合起来。
　　[With the Marxist-Leninist attitude,] a person applies the theory and method of Marxism-Leninism to the systematic and thorough investigation and study of the environment. He does not work by enthusiasm alone but, as Stalin says, combines revolutionary sweep with practicalness.

　　　　《改造我们的学习》（一九四一年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八零一页
　　　　 "Reform Our Study" (May 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 22.

要了解情况，唯一的方法是向社会作调查，调查社会各阶级的生动情况。对于担负指导工作的人来说，有计划地抓住几个城市、几个乡村，用马克思主义的基本观点，即阶级分析的方法，作几次周密的调查，乃是了解情况的最基本的方法。
　　The only way to know conditions is to make social investigations, to investigate the conditions of each social class in real life. For those charged with directing work, the basic method for knowing conditions is to concentrate on a few cities and villages according to a plan and, using the fundamental viewpoint of Marxism, i.e., the method of class analysis, make a number of thorough investigations.

　　　　《“农村调查”的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第七八九页
　　　　 "Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys" (March and April 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 11.*

开调查会每次人不必多，三五个七八个人即够。必须给予时间，必须有调查纲目，还必须自己口问手写，并同到会人展开讨论。因此，没有满腔的热忱，没有眼睛向下的决心，没有求知的渴望，没有放下臭架子、甘当小学生的精神，是一定不能做，也一定做不好的。
　　A fact-finding meeting need not be large; from three to five or seven or eight people are enough. Ample time must be allowed and an outline for the investigation must be prepared; furthermore, one must personally ask questions, take notes and have discussions with those at the meeting. Therefore one certainly cannot make an investigation, or do it well, without zeal, a determination to direct one's eyes downward and a thirst for knowledge, and without shedding the ugly mantle of pretentiousness and becoming a willing pupil.

　　　　《“农村调查”的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第七九零页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 12.

指挥员的正确的部署来源于正确的决心，正确的决心来源于正确的判断，正确的判断来源于周到的和必要的侦察，和对于各种侦察材料的联贯起来的思索。指挥员使用一切可能的和必要的侦察手段，将侦察得来的敌方情况的各种材料加以去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的思索，然后将自己方面的情况加上去，研究双方的对比和相互的关系，因而构成判断，定下决心，作出计划，——这是军事家在作出每一个战略、战役或战斗的计划之前的一个整个的认识情况的过程。
　　A commander's correct dispositions stem from his correct decisions, his correct decisions stem from his correct judgements, and his correct judgements stem from a thorough and necessary reconnaissance and from pondering on and piecing together the data of various kinds gathered through reconnaissance. He applies all possible and necessary methods of reconnaissance, and ponders on the information gathered about the enemy's situation, discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the one to the other and from the outside to the inside; then, he takes the conditions on his own side into account, and makes a study of both sides and their interrelations, thereby forming his judgements, making up his mind and working out his plans. Such is the complete process of knowing a situation which a military man goes through before he formulates a strategic plan, a campaign plan or a battle plan.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一七三页
　　　　 "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I. p. 188.

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二十四、纠正错误思想
24. CORRECTING MISTAKEN IDEAS
　　　　

即使我们的工作得到了极其伟大的成绩，也没有任何值得骄傲自大的理由。虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后，我们应当永远记住这个真理。
　　Even if we achieve gigantic successes in our work, there is no reason whatsoever to feel conceited and arrogant. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. This is a truth we must always bear in mind.

　　　　《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会开幕词》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会文献》第九——一零页
　　　　 "Opening Address at the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China" (September 15, 1956).

因为胜利，党内的骄傲情绪，以功臣自居的情绪，停顿起来不求进步的情绪，贪图享乐不愿再过艰苦生活的情绪，可能生长。因为胜利，人民感谢我们，资产阶级也会出来捧场。敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。资产阶级的捧场则可能征服我们队伍中的意志薄弱者。可能有这样一些共产党人，他们是不曾被拿枪的敌人征服过的，他们在这些敌人面前不愧英雄的称号；但是经不起人们用糖衣裹着的炮弹的攻击，他们在糖弹面前要打败仗。我们必须预防这种情况。
　　With victory, certain moods may grow within the Party - arrogance, the airs of a self-styled hero, inertia and unwillingness to make progress, love of pleasure and distaste for continued hard living. With victory, the people will be grateful to us and the bourgeoisie will come forward to flatter us. It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms. However, the flattery of the bourgeoisie may conquer the weak-willed in our ranks. There may be some Communists, who were not conquered by enemies with guns and were worthy of the name of heroes for standing up to these enemies, but who cannot withstand sugar-coated bullets; they will be defeated by sugar-coated bullets. We must guard against such a situation.

　　　　《在中国共产党第七届中央委员会第二次全体会议上的报告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四三九页
　　　　 "Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 374.

有许多的东西，只要我们对它们陷入盲目性，缺乏自觉性，就可能成为我们的包袱，成为我们的负担。例如：犯过错误，可以使人觉得自己反正是犯了错误的，从此萎靡不振；未犯错误，也可以使人觉得自己是未犯过错误的，从此骄傲起来。工作无成绩，可以使人悲观丧气；工作有成绩，又可以使人趾高气扬。斗争历史短的，可以因其短而不负责任；斗争历史长的，可以因其长而自以为是。工农分子，可以自己的光荣出身傲视知识分子；知识分子，又可以自己有某些知识傲视工农分子。各种业务专长，都可以成为高傲自大轻视旁人的资本。甚至年龄也可以成为骄傲的工具：青年人可以因为自己聪明能干而看不起老年人，老年人又可以因为自己富有经验而看不起青年人。对于诸如此类的东西，如果没有自觉性，那它们就会成为负担或包袱。
　　Many things may become baggage, may become encumbrances if we cling to them blindly and uncritically. Let us take some illustrations. Having made mistakes, you may feel that, come what may, you are saddled with them and so become dispirited; if you have not made mistakes, you may feel that you are free from error and so become conceited. Lack of achievement in work may breed pessimism and depression, while achievement may breed pride and arrogance. A comrade with a short record of struggle may shirk responsibility on this account, while a veteran may become opinionated because of his long record of struggle. Worker and peasant comrades, because of pride in their class origin, may look down upon intellectuals, while intellectuals, because they have a certain amount of knowledge, may look down upon worker and peasant comrades. Any specialized skill may be capitalized on and so may lead to arrogance and contempt of others. Even one's age may become ground for conceit. The young, because they are bright and capable, may look down upon the old; and the old, because they are rich in experience, may look down upon the young. All such things become encumbrances or baggage if there is no critical awareness.

　　　　《学习和时局》（一九四四年四月十二日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九五一页
　　　　 "Our Study and the Current Situation" (April 12, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 173.*

一部分军队工作同志养成了一种骄气，对士兵，对人民，对政府，对党，横蛮不讲理，只责备做地方工作的同志，不责备自己，只看见成绩，不看见缺点，只爱听恭维话，不爱听批评话。……军队必须注意克服这种毛病。
　　Some comrades in the army have become arrogant and high-handed in their behaviour towards the soldiers, the people, the government and the Party, always blaming the comrades doing local work but never themselves, always seeing their own achievements but never their own shortcomings, and always welcoming flattery but never criticism.... the army must endeavour to eradicate these faults.

　　　　《组织起来》（一九四三年十一月二十九日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九三七页
　　　　 "Get Organized!" (November 29, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 159.*

艰苦的工作就像担子，摆在我们的面前，看我们敢不敢承担。担子有轻有重。有的人拈轻怕重，把重担子推给人家，自己拣轻的挑。这就不是好的态度。有的同志不是这样，享受让给人家，担子拣重的挑，吃苦在别人前头，享受在别人后头。这样的同志就是好同志。这种共产主义者的精神，我们都要学习。
　　Hard work is like a load placed before us, challenging us to shoulder it. Some loads are light, some heavy. Some people prefer the light to the heavy; they pick the light and shove the heavy on to others. That is not a good attitude. Some comrades are different; they leave ease and comfort to others and take the heavy loads themselves; they are the first to bear hardships the last to enjoy comforts. They are good comrades. We should all learn from their communist spirit.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一六零页
　　　　 "On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 58.*

不少的人对工作不负责任，拈轻怕重，把重担子推给人家，自己挑轻的。一事当前，先替自己打算，然后再替别人打算。出了一点力就觉得了不起，喜欢自吹，生怕人家不知道。对同志对人民不是满腔热忱，而是冷冷清清，漠不关心，麻木不仁。这种人其实不是共产党员，至少不能算一个纯粹的共产党员。
　　There are not a few people who are irresponsible in their work, preferring the light to the heavy, shoving the heavy loads on to others and choosing the easy ones for themselves. At every turn they think of themselves before others. When they make some small contribution, they swell with pride and brag about it for fear that others will not know. They feel no warmth towards comrades and the people but are cold, indifferent and apathetic. In fact such people are not Communists, or at least cannot be counted as true Communists.

　　　　《纪念白求恩》（一九三九年十二月二十一日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第六五三——六五四页
　　　　 "In Memory of Norman Bethune" (December 21, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 337-38.*

闹这类独立性的人，常常跟他们的个人第一主义分不开，他们在个人和党的关系问题上，往往是不正确的。他们在口头上虽然也说尊重党，但他们在实际上却把个人放在第一位，把党放在第二位。刘少奇同志曾经说过，有意中人的手特别长，很会替自己打算，至于别人的利益和全党利益，那是不大关心的。“我的就是我的，你的还是我的。”（大笑）这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。在他们掌管一部分事业的时候，就要闹独立性。为了这些，就要拉拢一些人，排挤一些人，在同志中吹吹拍拍，拉拉扯扯，把资产阶级政党的庸俗作风也搬进共产党里来了。这种人的吃亏在于不老实。我想，我们应该是老老实实地办事；在世界上要办成几件事，没有老实态度是根本不行的。
　　Those who assert this kind of "independence" are usually wedded to the doctrine of "me first" and are generally wrong on the question of the relationship between the individual and the Party. Although in words they profess respect for the Party, in practice they put themselves first and the Party second. Comrade Liu Shao-chi once said of certain people that they have unusually long arms and are very clever in looking after their own interests, but pay little heed to the interests of others and of the party as a whole. “What's mine is mine, and what’s yours is mine too.” (Loud laugbter.) What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight. Whenever they are put in charge of a branch of work, they assert their "independence". With this aim, they draw some people in, push others out and resort to boasting, flattery and touting among-the comrades, thus importing the vulgar style of the bourgeois political parties into the Communist Party. It is their dishonesty that causes them to come to grief. I believe we should do things honestly, for without an honest attitude it is absolutely impossible to accomplish anything in this world.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二三——八二四页
　　　　

共产党员必须懂得以局部需要服从全局需要这一个道理。如果某项意见在局部的情形看来是可行的，而在全局的情形看来是不可行的，就应以局部服从全局。反之也是一样，在局部的情形看来是不可行的，而在全局的情形看来是可行的，也应以局部服从全局。这就是照顾全局的观点。
　　They [Communists] must grasp the principle of subordinating the needs of the part to the needs of the whole. If a proposal appears feasible for a partial situation but not for the situation as a whole, then the part must give way to the whole. Conversely, if the proposal is not feasible for the part but is feasible in the light of the situation as a whole, again the part must give way to the whole. This is what is meant by considering the situation as a whole.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一三——五一四页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 201.

享乐主义。个人主义见于享乐方面的，在红军中也有不少的人。他们总是希望队伍开到大城市去。他们要到大城市不是为了去工作，而是为了去享乐。他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。
　　Pleasure-seeking. In the Red Army there are also quite a few people whose individualism finds expression in pleasure-seeking. They always hope that their unit will march into big cities. They want to go there not to work but to enjoy themselves. The last thing they want is to work in the Red areas where life is hard.

　　　　《关于纠正党内的错误思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第九六页
　　　　 "On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party" (December 1929), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 113.

必须反对只顾自己不顾别人的本位主义的倾向。谁要是对别人的困难不管，别人要调他所属的干部不给，或以坏的送人，“以邻为壑”，全不为别部、别地、别人想一想，这样的人就叫做本位主义者，这就是完全失掉了共产主义的精神。不顾大局，对别部、别地、别人漠不关心，就是这种本位主义者的特点。对于这样的人，必须加重教育，使他们懂得这就是一种宗派主义的倾向，如果发展下去，是很危险的。
　　We must oppose the tendency towards selfish departmentalism by which the interests of one's own unit are looked after to the exclusion of those of others. Whoever is indifferent to the difficulties of others, refuses to transfer cadres to other units on request, or releases only the inferior ones, "using the neighbour's field as an outlet for his overflow", and does not give the slightest consideration to other departments, localities or people - such a person is a selfish departmentalist who has entirely lost the spirit of communism. Lack of consideration for the whole and complete indifference to other departments, localities and people are characteristics of a selfish departmentalist. We must intensify our efforts to educate such persons and to make them understand that selfish departmentalism is a sectarian tendency which will become very dangerous, if allowed to develop.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二五——八二六页
　　　　 "Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 46.

自由主义有各种表现。

　　因为是熟人、同乡、同学、知心朋友、亲爱者、老同事、老部下，明知不对，也不同他们作原则上的争论，任其下去，求得和平和亲热。或者轻描淡写地说一顿，不作彻底解决，保持一团和气。结果是有害于团体，也有害于个人。这是第一种。
　　

　　不负责任的背后批评，不是积极地向组织建议。当面不说，背后乱说；开会不说，会后乱说。心目中没有集体生活的原则，只有自由放任。这是第二种。

　　事不关己，高高挂起；明知不对，少说为佳；明哲保身，但求无过。这是第三种。

　　命令不服从，个人意见第一。只要组织照顾，不要组织纪律。这是第四种。

　　不是为了团结，为了进步，为了把事情弄好，向不正确的意见斗争和争论，而是个人攻击，闹意气，泄私愤，图报复。这是第五种。

　　听了不正确的议论也不争辩，甚至听了反革命分子的话也不报告，泰然处之，行若无事。这是第六种。

　　见群众不宣传，不鼓动，不演说，不调查，不询问，不关心其痛痒，漠然置之，忘记了自己是一个共产党员，把一个共产党员混同于一个普通的老百姓。这是第七种。

　　见损害群众利益的行为不愤恨，不劝告，不制止，不解释，听之任之。这是第八种。

　　办事不认真，无一定计划，无一定方向，敷衍了事，得过且过，做一天和尚撞一天钟。这是第九种。

　　自以为对革命有功，摆老资格，大事做不来，小事又不做，工作随便，学习松懈。这是第十种。

　　自己错了，也已经懂得，又不想改正，自己对自己采取自由主义。这是第十一种。
　　Liberalism manifests itself in various ways. To let things slide for the sake of peace and friendship when a person has clearly gone wrong, and refrain from principled argument because he is an old acquaintance, a fellow townsman, a schoolmate, a close friend, a loved one, an old colleague or old subordinate. Or to touch on the matter lightly instead of going into it thoroughly, so as to keep on good terms. The result is that both the organization and the individual are harmed. This is one type of liberalism. To indulge in irresponsible criticism in private instead of actively putting forward one's suggestions to the organization. To say nothing to people to their faces but to gossip behind their backs, or to say nothing at a meeting but to gossip afterwards. To show no regard at all for the principles of collective life but to follow one's own inclination. This is a second type. To let things drift if they do not affect one personally; to say as little as possible while knowing perfectly well what is wrong, to be worldly wise and play safe and seek only to avoid blame. This is a third type. Not to obey orders but to give pride of place to one's own opinions. To demand special consideration from the organization but to reject its discipline. This is a fourth type. To indulge in personal attacks, pick quarrels, vent personal spite or seek revenge instead of entering into an argument and struggling against incorrect views for the sake of unity or progress or getting the work done properly. This is a fifth type. To hear incorrect views without rebutting them and even to hear counter-revolutionary remarks without reporting them, but instead to take them calmly as if nothing had happened. This is a sixth type. To be among the masses and fail to conduct propaganda and agitation or speak at meetings or conduct investigations and inquiries among them, and instead to be indifferent to them and show no concern for their well-being, forgetting that one is a Communist and behaving as if one were an ordinary non-Communist. This is a seventh type. To see someone harming the interests of the masses and yet not feel indignant, or dissuade or stop him or reason with him, but to allow him to continue. This is an eighth type. To work half-heartedly without a definite plan or direction; to work perfunctorily and muddle along - "So long as one remains a monk, one goes on tolling the bell." This is a ninth type. To regard oneself as having rendered great service to the revolution, to pride oneself on being a veteran, to disdain minor assignments while being quite unequal to major tasks, to be slipshod in work and slack in study. This is a tenth type. To be aware of one's own mistakes and yet make no attempt to correct them, taking a liberal attitude towards oneself. This is an eleventh type.

　　　　《反对自由主义》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第三四七——三四八页
　　　　 "Combat Liberalism" (September 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 31-32.

革命的集体组织中的自由主义是十分有害的。它是一种腐蚀剂，使团结涣散，关系松懈，工作消极，意见分歧。它使革命队伍失掉严密的组织和纪律，政策不能贯彻到底，党的组织和党所领导的群众发生隔离。这是一种严重的恶劣倾向。
　　Liberalism is extremely harmful in a revolutionary collective. It is a corrosive which eats away unity, undermines cohesion, causes apathy and creates dissension. It robs the revolutionary ranks of compact organization and strict discipline, prevents policies from being carried through and alienates the Party organizations from the masses which the Party leads. It is an extremely bad tendency.

　　　　《反对自由主义》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第三四八页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 32.

自由主义者以抽象的教条看待马克思主义的原则。他们赞成马克思主义，但是不准备实行之，或不准备完全实行之，不准备拿马克思主义代替自己的自由主义。这些人，马克思主义是有的，自由主义也是有的：说的是马克思主义，行的是自由主义；对人是马克思主义，对己是自由主义。两样货色齐备，各有各的用处。这是一部分人的思想方法。
　　People who are liberals look upon the principles of Marxism as abstract dogma. They approve of Marxism, but are not prepared to practise it or to practise it in full; they are not prepared to replace their liberalism by Marxism. These people have their Marxism, but they have their liberalism as well - they talk Marxism but practise liberalism; they apply Marxism to others but liberalism to themselves. They keep both kinds of goods in stock and find a use for each. This is how the minds of certain people work.

　　　　《反对自由主义》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第三四九页
　　　　 Ibid., pp. 32-33

人民的国家是保护人民的。有了人民的国家，人民才有可能在全国范围内和全体规模上，用民主的方法，教育自己和改造自己，使自己脱离内外反动派的影响（这个影响现在还是很大的，并将在长时期内存在着，不能很快地消灭），改造自己从旧社会得来的坏习惯和坏思想，不使自己走入反动派指引的错误路上去，并继续前进，向着社会主义社会和共产主义社会前进。
　　The people's state protects the people. Only when the people have such a state can they educate and remould themselves by democratic methods on a country-wide scale, with everyone taking part, and shake off the influence of domestic and foreign reactionaries (which is still very strong, will survive for a long time and cannot be quickly destroyed), rid themselves of the bad habits and ideas acquired in the old society, not allow themselves to be led astray by the reactionaries, and continue to advance - to advance towards a socialist and communist society.

　　　　《论人民民主专政》（一九四九年六人三十日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四八一页
　　　　 "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" (June 30, 1949). Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 418.*

一个人做点好事并不难，难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事，一贯的有益于广大群众，一贯的有益于青年，一贯的有益于革命，艰苦奋斗几十年如一日，这才是最难最难的呵！
　　It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad, to act consistently in the interests of the broad masses, the young people and the revolution, and to engage in arduous struggle for decades on end. That is the hardest thing of all!

　　　　《吴玉章同志六十寿辰祝词》（一九四零年一月十五日），一九四零年一月二十四日《新中华报》
　　　　 "Message of Greetings on the 60th Birthday of Comrade Wu Yu-chang" (January 15, 1940).

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二十五、团结
25. UNITY
　　　　

国家的统一，人民的团结，国内各民族的团结，这是我们的事业必定要胜利的基本保证。
　　The unification of our country, the unity of our people and the unity of our various nationalities - these are the basic guarantees of the sure triumph of our cause.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第一页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957). 1st pocket ed., pp. 1-2.

只有经过共产党的团结，才能达到全阶级和全民族的团结，只有经过全阶级全民族的团结，才能战胜敌人，完成民族和民主革命的任务。
　　It is only through the unity of the Communist Party that the unity of the whole class and the whole nation can be achieved, and it is only through the unity of the whole class and the whole nation that the enemy can be defeated and the national and democratic revolution accomplished.

　　　　《为争取千百万群众进入抗日民族统一战线而斗争》（一九三七年五月七日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二六九页
　　　　"Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Front" (May 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 292.*

我们要把我们党的一切力量在民主集中制的组织和纪律的原则之下，坚强地团结起来。不论什么同志，只要他是愿意服从党纲、党章和党的决议的，我们就要和他团结。
　　We shall solidly unite all the forces of our Party on democratic centralist principles of organization and discipline. We shall unite with any comrade if he abides by the Party's Programme, Constitution and decisions.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九八页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 317.*

在一九四二年，我们曾经把解决人民内部矛盾的这种民主的方法，具体化为一个公式，叫做“团结——批评——团结”。讲详细一点，就是从团结的愿望出发，经过批评或者斗争使矛盾得到解决，从而在新的基础上达到新的团结。按照我们的经验，这是解决人民内部矛盾的一个正确的方法。
　　This democratic method of resolving contradictions among the people was epitomized in 1942 in the formula "unity, criticism, unity". To elaborate, it means starting from the desire for unity, resolving contradictions through criticism or struggle and arriving at a new unity on a new basis. In our experience this is the correct method of resolving contradictions among the people.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第六——七页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 12.

这个军队有一个很好的内部和外部的团结。在内部——官兵之间，上下级之间，军事工作、政治工作和后勤工作之间；在外部——军民之间，军政之间，我友之间，都是团结一致的。一切妨害团结的现象，都在必须克服之列。
　　This [our] army has achieved remarkable unity in its own ranks and with those outside its ranks. Internally, there is unity between officers and men, between the higher and lower ranks, and between military work, political work and rear service work; and externally, there is unity between the army and the people, between the army and government organizations, and between our army and the friendly armies. It is imperative to overcome anything that impairs this unity.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零三九页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 264.*

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二十六、纪律
26. DISCIPLINE
　　　　

在人民内部，民主是对集中而言，自由是对纪律而言。这些都是一个统一体的两个矛盾着的侧面，它们们是矛盾的，又是统一的，我们不应当片面地强调某一个侧面而否定另一个侧面。在人民内部，不可以没有自由，也不可以没有纪律；不可以没有民主，也不可以没有集中。这种民主和集中的统一，自由和纪律的统一，就是我们的民主集中制。在这个制度下，人民享受着广泛的民主和自由；同时又必须用社会主义的纪律约束自己。
　　Within the ranks of the people, democracy is correlative with centralism and freedom with discipline. They are the two opposites of a single entity, contradictory as well as united, and we should not one-sidedly emphasize one to the denial of the other. Within the ranks of the people, we cannot do without freedom, nor can we do without discipline; we cannot do without democracy, nor can we do without centralism. This unity of democracy and centralism, of freedom and discipline, constitutes our democratic centralism. Under this system, the people enjoy extensive democracy and freedom, but at the same time they have to keep within the bounds of socialist discipline.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第五——六页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 10-11.

必须重申党的纪律：（一）个人服从组织；（二）少数服从多数；（三）下级服从上级；（四）全党服从中央。谁破坏了这些纪律，谁就破坏了党的统一。
　　We must affirm anew the discipline of the Party, namely:
(1) the individual is subordinate to the organization;
(2) the minority is subordinate to the majority;
(3) the lower level is subordinate to the higher level; and
(4) the entire membership is subordinate to the Central Committee.
Whoever violates these articles of discipline disrupts Party unity.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一六页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 203-04.*

党的纪律之一是少数服从多数。少数人在自己的意见被否决之后，必须拥护多数人所通过的决议。除必要时得在下一次会议再提出讨论外，不得在行动上有任何反对的表示。
　　One requirement of Party discipline is that the minority should submit to the majority. If the view of the minority has been rejected, it must support the decision passed by the majority. If necessary, it can bring up the matter for reconsideration at the next meeting, but apart from that it must not act against the decision in any way.

　　　　《关于纠正党内的错误思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第九二页
　　　　 "On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party" (December 1929), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 110.

三大纪律如下：
　　（一）一切行动听指挥；（二）不拿群众一针一线；（三）一切缴获要归公。
　　八项注意如下：
　　（一）说话和气；（二）买卖公平；（三）借东西要还；（四）损坏东西要赔；（五）不打人骂人；（六）不损坏庄稼；（七）不调戏妇女；（八）不虐待俘虏。
　　The Three Main Rules of Discipline are as follows:
(1) Obey orders in all your actions.
(2) Do not take a single needle piece of thread from the masses.
(3) Turn in everything captured.
The Eight Points for Attention are as follows:
(1) Speak politely.
(2) Pay fairly for what you buy.
(3) Return everything you borrow.
(4) Pay for anything you damage.
(5) Do not hit or swear at people.
(6) Do not damage crops.
(7) Do not take liberties with women.
(8) Do not ill-treat captives.

　　　　《中国人民解放军总部关于重行颁布三大纪律八项注意的训令》（一九四七年十月十日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二四一页
　　　　 "On the Reissue of the Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention - Instruction of the General Headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (October 10, 1947), Selected Military Writings, 2nd ed., p. 343.

必须提高纪律性，坚决执行命令，执行政策，执行三大纪律八项注意，军民一致，军政一致，官兵一致，全军一致，不允许任何破坏纪律的现象存在。
　　They [all officers and soldiers of our army] must heighten their sense of discipline and resolutely carry out orders, carry out our policy, carry out the Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention - with army and people united, army and government united, officers and soldiers united, and the whole army united - and permit no breach of discipline.

　　　　《中国人民解放军宣言》（一九四七年十月），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一二三九页
　　　　 "Manifesto of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (October 1947), Selected Military Writings, 2nd ed., p. 340.

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共产党是不怕批评的，因为我们是马克思主义者，真理是在我们方面，工农基本群众是在我们方面。
　　The Communist Party does not fear criticism because we are Marxists, the truth is on our side, and the basic masses, the workers and peasants, are on our side.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一一页
　　　　"Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 14.

彻底的唯物主义者是无所畏惧的，我们希望一切同我们共同奋斗的人能够勇敢地负起责任，克服困难，不要怕挫折，不要怕有人议论讥笑，也不要怕向我们共产党人提批评建议。“舍得一身剐，敢把皇帝拉下马”，我们在为社会主义共产主义而斗争的时候，必须有这种大无畏的精神。
　　Thoroughgoing materialists are fearless; we hope that all our fellow fighters will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties, fearing no setbacks or gibes, nor hesitating to criticize us Communists and give us their suggestions. "He who is not afraid of death by a thousand cuts dares to unhorse the emperor" - this is the indomitable spirit needed in our struggle to build socialism and communism.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一二——一三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 16.

我们有批评和自我批评这个马克思列宁主义的武器。我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。
　　We have the Marxist-Leninist weapon of criticism and self-criticism. We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.

　　　　《在中国共产党第七届中央委员会第二次全体会议上的报告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四四零页
　　　　 "Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 374.

有无认真的自我批评，也是我们和其他政党互相区别的显著的标志之一。我们曾经说过，房子是应该经常打扫的，不打扫就会积满了灰尘；脸是应该经常洗的，不洗也就会灰尘满面。我们同志的思想，我们党的工作，也会沾染灰尘的，也应该打扫和洗涤。“流水不腐，户枢不蠹”，是说它们在不停的运动中抵抗了微生物或其他生物的侵蚀。对于我们，经常地检讨工作，在检讨中推广民主作风，不惧怕批评和自我批评，实行“知无不言，言无不尽”，“言者无罪，闻者足戒”，“有则改之，无则加勉”这些中国人民的有益的格言，正是抵抗各种政治灰尘和政治微生物侵蚀我们同志的思想和我们党的肌体的唯一有效的方法。
　　Conscientious practice of self-criticism is still another hallmark distinguishing our Party from all other political parties. As we say, dust will accumulate if a room is not cleaned regularly, our faces will get dirty if they are not washed regularly. Our comrades' minds and our Party's work may also collect dust, and also need sweeping and washing. The proverb "Running water is never stale and a door-hinge is never worm-eaten" means that constant motion prevents the inroads of germs and other organisms. To check up regularly on our work and in the process develop a democratic style of work, to fear neither criticism nor self-criticism, and to apply such good popular Chinese maxims as "Say all you know and say it without reserve", "Blame not the speaker but be warned by his words" and "Correct mistakes if you have committed them and guard against them if you have not" - this is the only effective way to prevent all kinds of political dust and germs from contaminating the minds of our comrades and the body of our Party.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九七页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 316-17.

党内不同思想的对立和斗争是经常发生的，这是社会的阶级矛盾和新旧事物的矛盾在党内的反映。党内如果没有矛盾和解决矛盾的思想斗争，党的生命也就停止了。
　　Opposition and struggle between ideas of different kinds constantly occur within the Party; this is a reflection within the Party of contradictions between classes and between the new and the old in society. If there were no contradictions in the Party and no ideological struggles to resolve them, the Party's life would come to an end.

　　　　《矛盾论》（一九三七年八月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二九四页
　　　　 "On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 317.

我们主张积极的思想斗争，因为它是达到党内和革命团体内的团结使之利于战斗的武器。每个共产党员和革命分子，应该拿起这个武器。
　　但是自由主义取消思想斗争，主张无原则的和平，结果是腐朽庸俗的作风发生，使党和革命团体的某些组织和某些个人在政治上腐化起来。
　　We stand for active ideological struggle because it is the weapon for ensuring unity within the Party and the revolutionary organizations in the interest of our fight. Every Communist and revolutionary should take up this weapon.
　　But liberalism rejects ideological struggle and stands for unprincipled peace, thus giving rise to a decadent, philistine attitude and bringing about political degeneration in certain units and individuals in the Party and the revolutionary organizations.

　　　　《反对自由主义》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第三四七页
　　　　 "Combat Liberalism" (September 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 31.

我们反对主观主义、宗派主义、党八股，有两条宗旨是必须注意的：第一是“惩前毖后”，第二是“治病救人”。对以前的错误一定要揭发，不讲情面，要以科学的态度来分析批判过去的坏东西，以便使后来的工作慎重些，做得好些。这就是“惩前毖后”的意思。但是我们揭发错误、批判缺点的目的，好像医生治病一样，完全是为了救人，而不是为了把人整死。一个人发了阑尾炎，医生把阑尾割了，这个人就救出来了。任何犯错误的人，只要他不讳疾忌医，不固执错误，以至于达到不可救药的地步，而是老老实实，真正愿意医治，愿意改正，我们就要欢迎他，把他的毛病治好，使他变为一个好同志。这个工作决不是痛快一时，乱打一顿，所能奏效的。对待思想上的毛病和政治上的毛病，决不能采用鲁莽的态度，必须采用“治病救人”的态度，才是正确有效的方法。
　　In opposing subjectivism, sectarianism and stereotyped Party writing we must have in mind two purposes: first, "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones", and second, "cure the sickness to save the patient". The mistakes of the past must be exposed without sparing anyone's sensibilities; it is necessary to analyse and criticize what was bad in the past with a scientific attitude so that work in the future will be done more carefully and done better. This is what is meant by "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones". But our aim in exposing errors and criticizing shortcomings, like that of a doctor curing a sickness, is solely to save the patient and not to doctor him to death. A person with appendicitis is saved when the surgeon removes his appendix. So long as a person who has made mistakes does not hide his sickness for fear of treatment or persist in his mistakes until he is beyond cure, so long as he honestly and sincerely wishes to be cured and to mend his ways, we should welcome him and cure his sickness so that he can become a good comrade. We can never succeed if we just let ourselves go and lash out at him. In treating an ideological or a political malady, one must never be rough and rash but must adopt the approach of "curing the sickness to save the patient", which is the only correct and effective method.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二九——八三零页
　　　　 "Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 50.*

关于党内批评问题，还有一点要说及的，就是有些同志的批评不注意大的方面，只注意小的方面。他们不明白批评的主要任务，是指出政治上的错误和组织上的错误。至于个人缺点，如果不是与政治的和组织的错误有联系，则不必多所指摘，使同志们无所措手足。而且这种批评一发展，党内精神完全集注到小的缺点方面，人人变成了谨小慎微的君子，就会忘记党的政治任务，这是很大的危险。
　　Another point that should be mentioned in connection with inner-Party criticism is that some comrades ignore the major issues and confine their attention to minor points when they make their criticism. They do not understand that the main task of criticism is to point out political and organizational mistakes. As to personal shortcomings, unless they are related to political and organizational mistakes, there is no need to be overcritical or the comrades concerned will be at a loss as to what to do. Moreover, once such criticism develops, there is the great danger that within the Party attention will be concentrated exclusively on minor faults, and everyone will become timid and overcautious and forget the Party's political tasks.

　　　　《关于纠正党内的错误思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第九四页
　　　　 "On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party" (December 1929), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 111-12.*

党内批评要防止主观武断和把批评庸俗化，说话要有证据，批评要注意政治。
　　In inner-Party criticism, guard against subjectivism, arbitrariness and the vulgarization of criticism; statements should be based on facts and criticism should stress the political side.

　　　　《关于纠正党内的错误思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第九五页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 112.*

党内批评是坚强党的组织、增加党的战斗力的武器。但是红军党内的批评有些不是这样，变成了攻击个人。其结果，不但毁坏了个人，也毁坏了党的组织。这是小资产阶级个人主义的表现。纠正的方法，在于使党员明白批评的目的是增加党的战斗力以达到阶级斗争的胜利，不应当利用批评去做攻击个人的工具。
　　Inner-Party criticism is a weapon for strengthening the Party organization and increasing its fighting capacity. In the Party organization of the Red Army, however, criticism is not always of this character, and sometimes turns into personal attack. As a result, it damages the Party organization as well as individuals. This is a manifestation of petty-bourgeois individualism. The method of correction is to help Party members understand that the purpose of criticism is to increase the Party's fighting capacity in order to achieve victory in the class struggle and that it should not be used as a means of personal attack.

因为我们是为人民服务的，所以，我们如果有缺点，就不怕别人批评指出。不管是什么人，谁向我们指出都行。只要你说得对，我们就改正。你说的办法对人民有好处，我们就照你的办。
　　If we have shortcomings, we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized, because we serve the people. Anyone, no matter who, may point out our shortcomings. If he is right, we will correct them. If what he proposes will benefit the people, we will act upon it.

　　　　《为人民服务》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零三页
　　　　 "Serve the People" (September 8, 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, P. 227.

以中国最广大人民的最大利益为出发点的中国共产党人，相信自己的事业是完全合乎正义的，不惜牺牲自己个人的一切，随时准备拿出自己的生命去殉我们的事业，难道还有什么不适合人民需要的思想、观点、意见、办法，舍不得丢掉的吗？难道我们还欢迎任何政治的灰尘、政治的微生物来玷污我们的清洁的面貌和侵蚀我们的健全的肌体吗？无数革命先烈为了人民的利益牺牲了他们的生命，使我们每个活着人想起他们就心里难过，难道我们还有什么个人利益不能牺牲，还有什么错误不能抛弃吗？
　　As we Chinese Communists, who base all our actions on the highest interests of the broadest masses of the Chinese people and who are fully convinced of the justice of our cause, never balk at any personal sacrifice and are ready at all times to give our lives for the cause, can we be reluctant to discard any idea, viewpoint, opinion or method which is not suited to the needs of the people? Can we be willing to allow political dust and germs to dirty our clean faces or eat into our healthy organisms? Countless revolutionary martyrs have laid down their lives in the interests of the people, and our hearts are filled with pain as we the living think of them - can there be any personal interest, then, that we would not sacrifice or any error that we would not discard?

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九七——一零九八页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 317.*

我们决不能一见成绩就自满自足起来。我们应该抑制自满，时时批评自己的缺点，好像我们为了清洁，为了去掉灰尘，天天要洗脸，天天要扫地一样。
　　We must not become complacent over any success. We should check our complacency and constantly criticize our shortcomings, just as we should wash our faces or sweep the floor every day to remove the dirt and keep them clean.

　　　　《组织起来》（一九四三年十一月二十九日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九三八页
　　　　 "Get Organized!" (November 29, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III. p. 160.*

批评要是及时的批评，不要老是爱好事后的批评。
　　As for criticism, do it in good time; don't get into the habit of criticizing only after the event.

　　　　《关于农业合作化问题》（一九五五年七月三十一日），人民出版社版第二九页
　　　　 "On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation" (July 31, 1955), 3rd ed., p. 25.

错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得好一些。任何个人，错误总是难免的，我们要求犯得少一点。犯了错误则要求改正，改正得越迅速，越彻底，越好。
　　Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better. It is hard for any political party or person to avoid mistakes, but we should make as few as possible. Once a mistake is made, we should correct it, and the more quickly and thoroughly the better.

　　　　《论人民民主专政》（一九四九年六月三十日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四八五页
　　　　 "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" (June 30, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 422.

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二十八、共产党员
28. COMMUNISTS
　　　

一个共产党员，应该是襟怀坦白，忠实，积极，以革命利益为第一生命，以个人利益服从革命利益；无论何时何地，坚持正确的原则，同一切不正确的思想和行为作不疲倦的斗争，用以巩固党的集体生活，巩固党和群众的联系；关心党和群众比关心个人为重，关心他人比关心自己为重。这样才算得一个共产党员。
　　A Communist should have largeness of mind and he should be staunch and active, looking upon the interests of the revolution as his very life and subordinating his personal interests to those of the revolution; always and everywhere he should adhere to principle and wage a tireless struggle against all incorrect ideas and actions, so as to consolidate the collective life of the Party and strengthen the ties between the Party and the masses; he should be more concerned about the Party and the masses than about any individual, and more concerned about others than about himself. Only thus can he be considered a Communist.

　　　　《反对自由主义》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第三四九页
　　　　 "Combat Liberalism" (September 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 33.*

应该使每个同志明了，共产党人的一切言论行动，必须以合乎最广大人民群众的最大利益，为最广大人民群众所拥护为最高标准。
　　Every comrade must be brought to understand that the supreme test of the words and deeds of a Communist is whether they conform with the highest interests and enjoy the support of the overwhelming majority of the people.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九七页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 316.*

共产党员无论何时何地都不应以个人利益放在第一位，而应以个人利益服从于民族的和人民群众的利益。因此，自私自利，消极怠工，贪污腐化，风头主义等等，是最可鄙的；而大公无私，积极努力，克已奉公，埋头苦干的精神，才是可尊敬的。
　　At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interests first; he should subordinate them to the interests of the nation and of the masses. Hence, selfishness, slacking, corruption, seeking the limelight, and so on, are most contemptible, while selflessness, working with all one's energy, whole-hearted devotion to public duty, and quiet hard work will command respect.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198.

共产党人必须随时准备坚持真理，因为任何真理都是符合于人民利益的；共产党人必须随时准备修正错误，因为任何错误都是不符合于人民利益的。
　　Communists must be ready at all times to stand up for the truth, because truth is in the interests of the people; Communists must be ready at all times to correct their mistakes, because mistakes are against the interests of the people.

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零九六页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 315.

共产党员对任何事情都要问一个为什么，都要经过自己头脑的周密思考，想一想它是否合乎实际，是否真有道理，绝对不应盲从，绝对不应提倡奴隶主义。
　　Communists must always go into the whys and wherefores of anything, use their own heads and carefully think over whether or not it corresponds to reality and is really well founded; on no account should they follow blindly and encourage slavishness.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二九页
　　　　 "Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 49-50.

要提倡顾全大局。每一个党员，每一种局部工作，每一项言论或行动，都必须以全党利益为出发点，绝对不许可违反这个原则。
　　We should encourage comrades to take the interests of the whole into account. Every Party member, every branch of work, every statement and every action must proceed from the interests of the whole Party; it is absolutely impermissible to violate this principle.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 44.

共产党员应是实事求是的模范，又是具有远见卓识的模范。因为只有实事求是，才能完成确定的任务；只有远见卓识，才能不失前进的方向。
　　Communists should set an example in being practical as well as far-sighted. For only by being practical can they fulfill the appointed tasks, and only far-sightedness can prevent them from losing their bearings in the march forward.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198.

共产党员应该作到最有远见，最富于牺牲精神，最坚定，而又最能虚心体会情况，依靠群众的多数，得到群众的拥护。
　　Communists should be the most farsighted, the most self-sacrificing, the most resolute, and the least prejudiced in sizing up situations, and should rely on the majority of the masses and win their support.

　　　　《中国共产党在抗日时期的任务》（一九三七年五月三日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二五四页
　　　　 "The Tasks of the Chinese Communist Party in the Period of Resistance to Japan" (May 3, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 274.*

共产党员又应成为学习的模范，他们每天都是民众的教师，但又每天都是民众的学生。
　　Communists should set an example in study; at all times they should be pupils of the masses as well as their teachers.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零——五一一页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198.*

共产党员在民众运动中，应该是民众的朋友，而不是民众的上司，是诲人不倦的教师，而不是官僚主义的政客。
　　Every Communist working in the mass movements should be a friend of the masses and not a boss over them, an indefatigable teacher and not a bureaucratic politician.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　 Ibid.*

共产党员决不可脱离群众的多数，置多数人的情况于不顾，而率领少数先进队伍单独冒进；必须注意组织先进分子和广大群众之间的密切联系。这就是照顾多数的观点。
　　Communists must never separate themselves from the majority of the people or neglect them by leading only a few progressive contingents in an isolated and rash advance, but must take care to forge close links between the progressive elements and the broad masses. This is what is meant by thinking in terms of the majority.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一四页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 201.*

我们共产党人好比种子，人民好比土地。我们到了一个地方，就要同那里的人民结合起来，在人民中间生根、开花。
　　We Communists are like seeds and the people are like the soil. Wherever we go, we must unite with the people, take root and blossom among them.

　　　　《关于重庆谈判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一一六一页
　　　　 "On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 58.

我们共产党员，无论在什么问题上，一定要能够同群众相结合。如果我们的党员，一生一世坐在房子里不出去，不经风雨，不见世面，这种党员，对于中国人民究竟有什么好处没有呢？一点好处也没有的，我们不需要这样的人做党员。我们共产党员应该经风雨，见世面；这个风雨，就是群众斗争的大风雨，这个世面，就是群众斗争的大世面。
　　We Communists must be able to integrate ourselves with the masses in all things. If our Party members spend their whole lives sitting indoors and never go out to face the world and brave the storm, what good will they be to the Chinese people? None at all, and we do not need such people as Party members. We Communists ought to face the world and brave the storm the great world of mass struggle and the mighty storm of mass struggle.

　　　　《组织起来》（一九四三年十一月二十九日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九三六页
　　　　 "Get Organized!" (November 29, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 158.

共产党员的先锋作用和模范作用是十分重要的。共产党员在八路军和新四军中，应该成为英勇作战的模范，执行命令的模范，遵守纪律的模范，政治工作的模范和内部团结统一的模范。
　　The exemplary vanguard role of the Communists is of vital importance. Communists in the Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies should set an example in fighting bravely, carrying out orders, observing discipline, doing political work and fostering internal unity and solidarity.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 197.*

共产党员决不可自以为是，盛气凌人，以为自己是什么都好，别人是什么都不好；决不可把自己关在小房子里，自吹自擂，称王称霸。
　　A Communist must never be opinionated or domineering, thinking that he is good in everything while others are good in nothing; he must never shut himself up in his little room, or brag and boast and lord it over others.

　　　　《在陕甘宁边区参议会的演说》（一九四一年十一月二十一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八一一页
　　　　 "Speech at the Assembly of Representatives of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region" (November 21, 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 33.*

共产党员必须倾听党外人士的意见，给别人以说话的机会。别人说得对的，我们应该欢迎，并要跟别人的长处学习；别人说得不对，也应该让别人说完，然后慢慢加以解释。
　　Communists must listen attentively to the views of people outside the Party and let them have their say. If what they say is right, we ought to welcome it, and we should learn from their strong points; if it is wrong, we should let them finish what they are saying and then patiently explain things to them.

　　　　《在陕甘宁边区参议会的演说》（一九四一年十一月二十一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八一一页
　　　　 Ibid.

共产党员对于在工作中犯过错误的人们，除了不可救药者外，不是采取排斥态度，而是采取规劝态度，使之翻然改进，弃旧图新。
　　The attitude of Communists towards any person who has made mistakes in his work should be one of persuasion in order to help him change and start afresh and not one of exclusion, unless he is incorrigible.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198.

共产党员对于落后的人们的态度，不是轻视他们，看不起他们，而是亲近他们，团结他们，说服他们，鼓励他们前进。
　　As for people who are politically backward, Communists should not slight or despise them, but should befriend them, unite with them, convince them and encourage them to go forward.
― Ibid.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一零页
　　　　Ibid.

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二十九、干部
29. CADRES
　　　　

为了保证我们的党和国家不改变颜色，我们不仅需要正确的路线和政策，而且需要培养和造就千百万无产阶级革命事业的接班人。
　　培养无产阶级革命事业接班人的问题从根本上来说，就是老一代无产阶级革命家所开创的马克思列宁主义的革命事业是不是后继有人的问题，就是将来我们党和国家的领导能不能继续掌握在无产阶级革命家手中的问题，就是我们的子孙后代能不能沿着马克思列宁主义的正确道路继续前进的问题，也就是我们能不能胜利地防止赫鲁晓夫修正主义在中国重演的问题。总之，这是关系我们党和国家命运的生死存亡的极其重大的问题。这是无产阶级革命事业的百年大计，千年大计，万年大计。帝国主义的预言家们根据苏联发生的变化，也把“和平演变”的希望，寄托在中国党的第三代或者第四代身上。我们一定要使帝国主义的这种预言彻底破产。我们一定要从上到下地、普遍地、经常不断地注意培养和造就革命事业的接班人。
　　具备什么条件，才能够充当无产阶级革命事业的接班人呢？
　　他们必须是真正的马克思列宁主义者，而不是像赫鲁晓夫那样的挂着马克思列宁主义招牌的修正主义者。
　　他们必须是全心全意为中国和世界的绝大多数人服务的革命者，而不是像赫鲁晓夫那样，在国内为一小撮资产阶级特权阶层的利益服务，在国际为帝国主义和反动派的利益服务。
　　他们必须是能够团结绝大多数人一道工作的无产阶级政治家。不但要团结和自己意见相同的人，而且要善于团结那些和自己意见不同的人，还要善于团结那些反对过自己并且已被实践证明是犯了错误的人。但是要特别警惕像赫鲁晓夫那样的个人野心家和阴谋家，防止这样的坏人篡夺党和国家的各级领导。
　　他们必须是党的民主集中制的模范执行者，必须学会“从群众中来，到群众中去”的领导方法，必须养成善于听取群众意见的民主作风。而不能像赫鲁晓夫那样，破坏党的民主集中制，专横跋扈，对同志搞突然袭击，不讲道理，实行个人独裁。
　　他们必须谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁，富于自我批评精神，勇于改正自己工作中的缺点和错误。而绝不能像赫鲁晓夫那样，文过饰非，把一切功劳归于自己，把一切错误归于别人。
　　无产阶级革命事业的接班人，是在群众斗争中产生的，是在革命大风大浪的锻炼中成长的。应当在长期的群众斗争中，考察和识别干部，挑选和培养接班人。
　　In order to guarantee that our Party and country do not change their colour, we must not only have a correct line and correct policies but must train and bring up millions of successors who will carry on the cause of proletarian revolution.
　　In the final analysis, the question of training successors for the revolutionary cause of the proletariat is one of whether or not there will be people who can carry on the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary cause started by the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries, whether or not the leadership of our Party and state will remain in the hands of proletarian revolutionaries, whether or not our descendants will continue to march along the correct road laid down by Marxism-Leninism, or, in other words, whether or not we can successfully prevent the emergence of Khrushchov's revisionism in China. In short, it is an extremely important question, a matter of life and death for our Party and our country. It is a question of fundamental importance to the proletarian revolutionary cause for a hundred, a thousand, nay ten thousand years. Basing themselves on the changes in the Soviet Union, the imperialist prophets are pinning their hopes of "peaceful evolution" on the third or fourth generation of the Chinese Party. We must shatter these imperialist prophecies. From our highest organizations down to the grass-roots, we must everywhere give constant attention to the training and upbringing of successors to the revolutionary cause.
　　What are the requirements for worthy successors to the revolutionary cause of the proletariat?
　　They must be genuine Marxist-Leninists and not revisionists like Khrushchov wearing the cloak of Marxism-Leninism.
　　They must be revolutionaries who wholeheartedly serve the overwhelming majority of the people of China and the whole world, and must not be like Khrushchov who serves both the interests of the handful of members of the privileged bourgeois stratum in his own country and those of foreign imperialism and reaction.
　　They must be proletarian statesmen capable of uniting and working together with the overwhelming majority. Not only must they unite with those who agree with them, they must also be good at uniting with those who disagree and even with those who formerly opposed them and have since been proved wrong in practice. But they must especially watch out for careerists and conspirators like Khrushchov and prevent such bad elements from usurping the leadership of the Party and the state at any level.
　　They must be models in applying the Party's democratic centralism, must master the method of leadership based on the principle of "from the masses, to the masses", and must cultivate a democratic style and be good at listening to the masses. They must not be despotic like Khrushchov and violate the Party's democratic centralism, make surprise attacks on comrades or act arbitrarily and dictatorially.
　　They must be modest and prudent and guard against arrogance and impetuosity; they must be imbued with the spirit of selfcriticism and have the courage to correct mistakes and shortcomings in their work. They must never cover up their errors like Khrushchov, and claim all the credit for themselves and shift all the blame on others.
　　Successors to the revolutionary cause of the proletariat come forward in mass struggles and are tempered in the great storms of revolution. It is essential to test and judge cadres and choose and train successors in the long course of mass struggle.

　　　　转摘自《关于赫鲁晓夫的假共产主义及其在世界历史上的教训》，一九六四年七月十四日《人民日报》
　　　　 Quoted in "On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World" (July 14,1964), pp. 72-74.*

我们党的组织要向全国发展，要自觉地造就成万数的干部，要有几百个最好的群众领袖。这些干部和领袖懂得马克思列宁主义，有政治远见，有工作能力，富于牺牲精神，能独立解决问题，在困难中不动摇，忠心耿耿地为民族、为阶级、为党而工作。党依靠着这些人而联系党员和群众，依靠着这些人对于群众的坚强领导而达到打倒敌人之目的。这些人不要自私自利，不要个人英雄主义和风头主义，不要懒惰和消极性，不要自高自大的宗派主义，他们是大公无私的民族的阶级的英雄，这就是共产党员、党的干部、党的领袖应该有的性格和作风。
　　Our Party organizations must be extended all over the country and we must purposefully train tens of thousands of cadres and hundreds of first-rate mass leaders. They must be cadres and leaders versed in Marxism-Leninism, politically far-sighted, competent in work, full of the spirit of selfsacrifice, capable of tackling problems on their own, steadfast in the midst of difficulties and loyal and devoted in serving the nation, the class and the Party. It is on these cadres and leaders that the Party relies for its links with the membership and the masses, and it is by relying on their firm leadership of the masses that the Party can succeed in defeating the enemy. Such cadres and leaders must be free from selfishness, from individualistic heroism, ostentation, sloth, passivity, and arrogant sectarianism, and they must be selfless national and class heroes; such are the qualities and the style of work demanded of the members, cadres and leaders of our Party.

　　　　《为争取千百万群众进入抗日民族统一战线而斗争》（一九三七年五月七日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二六七——二六八页
　　　　"Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Front" (May 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 291.*

政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。因此，有计划地培养大批的新干部。就是我们的战斗任务。
　　Cadres are a decisive factor, once the political line is determined. Therefore, it is our fighting task to train large numbers of new cadres in a planned way.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一四页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 202.

共产党的干部政策，应是以能否坚决地执行党的路线，服从党的纪律，和群众有密切的联系，有独立的工作能力，积极肯干，不谋私利为标准，这就是“任人唯贤”的路线。
　　The criterion the Communist Party should apply in its cadres policy is whether or not a cadre is resolute in carrying out the Party line, keeps to Party discipline, has close ties with the masses, has the ability to find his bearings independently, and is active, hardworking and unselfish. This is what "appointing people on their merit" means.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一五页
　　　　 Ibid.

必须坚持干部参加集体生产劳动的制度。我们党和国家的干部是普通劳动者，而不是骑在人民头上的老爷。干部通过参加集体生产劳动，同劳动人民保持最广泛的、经常的、密切的联系。这是社会主义制度下一件带根本性的大事，它有助于克服官僚主义，防止修正主义和教条主义。
　　It is necessary to maintain the system of cadre participation in collective productive labour. The cadres of our Party and state are ordinary workers and not overlords sitting on the backs of the people. By taking part in collective productive labour, the cadres maintain extensive, constant and close ties with the working people. This is a major measure of fundamental importance for a socialist system; it helps to overcome bureaucracy and to prevent revisionism and dogmatism.

　　　　转摘自《关于赫鲁晓夫的假共产主义及其在世界历史上的教训》，一九六四年七月十四日《人民日报》
　　　　 Quoted in "On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World" (July 14, 1964), pp. 68-69.*

必须善于识别干部。不但要看干部的一时一事，而且要看干部的全部历史和全部工作，这是识别干部的主要方法。
　　We must know how to judge cadres. We must not confine our judgement to a short period or a single incident in a cadre's life, but should consider his life and work as a whole. This is the principal method of judging cadres.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一五页
　　　　"The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 202.

必须善于使用干部。领导者的责任，归结起来，主要地是出主意、用干部两件事。一切计划、决议、命令、指示等等，都属于“出主意”一类。使这一切主意见之实行，必须团结干部，推动他们去做，属于“用干部”一类。
　　We must, know how to use cadres well. In the final analysis, leadership involves two main responsibilities: to work out ideas, and to use cadres well. Such things as drawing up plans, making decisions, and giving orders and directives, are all in the category of "working out ideas". To put the ideas into practice, we must weld the cadres together and encourage them to go into action; this comes into the category of "using the cadres well".

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一五页
　　　　"The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 202.

必须善于爱护干部。爱护的办法是：第一，指导他们。这就是让他们放手工作，使他们敢于负责；同时，又适时地给以指示，使他们能在党的政治路线下发挥其创造性。第二，提高他们。这就是给以学习的机会，教育他们，使他们在理论上在工作能力上提高一步。第三，检查他们的工作，帮助他们总结经验，发扬成绩，纠正错误。有委托而无检查，及至犯了严重的错误，方才加以注意，不是爱护干部的办法。第四，对于犯错误的干部，一般地应采取说服的方法。帮助他们改正错误。只有对犯了严重错误而又不接受指导的人们，才应当采取斗争的方法。在这里，耐心是必要的；轻易地给人们戴上“机会主义”的大帽子，轻易地采用“开展斗争”的方法，是不对的。第五，照顾他们的困难。干部有疾病、生活、家庭等项困难问题者，必须在可能限度内用心给以照顾。这些就是爱护干部的方法。
　　We must know how to take good care of cadres. There are several ways of doing so.
First, give them guidance. This means allowing them a free hand in their work so that they have the courage to assume responsibility and, at the same time, giving them timely instructions so that, guided by the Party's political line, they are able to make full use of their initiative.
Second, raise their level. This means educating them by giving them the opportunity to study so that they can enhance their theoretical understanding and their working ability.
Third, check up on their work, and help them sum up their experience, carry forward their achievements and correct their mistakes. To assign work without checking up and to take notice only when serious mistakes are made - that is not the way to take care of cadres.
Fourth, in general, use the method of persuasion with cadres who have made mistakes, and help them correct their mistakes. The method of struggle should be confined to those who make serious mistakes and nevertheless refuse to accept guidance. Here patience is essential. It is wrong lightly to label people "opportunists" or lightly to begin "waging struggles" against them.
Fifth, help them with their difficulties. When cadres are in difficulty as a result of illness, straitened means or domestic or other troubles, we must be sure to give them as much care as possible.
This is how to take good care of cadres.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一五——五一六页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 203.

凡属真正团结一致、联系群众的领导骨干，必须是从群众斗争中逐渐形成，而不是脱离群众斗争所能形成的。在多数情形下，一个伟大的斗争过程，其开始阶段、中间阶段和最后阶段的领导骨干，不应该是也不可能是完全同一的；必须不断地提拔在斗争中产生的积极分子，来替换原有骨干中相形见绌的分子，或腐化了的分子。
　　A leading group that is genuinely united and is linked with the masses can gradually be formed only in the process of mass struggle, and not in isolation from it. In the process of a great struggle, the composition of the leading group in most cases should not and cannot remain entirely unchanged throughout the initial, middle and final stages; the activists who come forward in the course of the struggle must constantly be promoted to replace those original members of the leading group who are inferior by comparison or who have degenerated.

　　　　《关于领导方法的若干问题》（一九四三年六月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第九零零页
　　　　 "Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership" (June 1, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 118.*

我们党如果没有广大的新干部同老干部一致合作，我们的事业就会中断。所以一切老干部应该以极大的热忱欢迎新干部，关心新干部。不错，新干部是有缺点的，他们参加革命还不久，还缺乏经验，他们中的有些人还不免带来旧社会不良思想的尾巴，这就是小资产阶级个人主义思想的残余。但是这些缺点是可以从教育中从革命锻炼中逐渐地去掉的。他们的长处，正如斯大林说过的，是对于新鲜事物有锐敏的感觉，因而有高度的热情和积极性，而在这一点上，有些老干部则正是缺乏的。新老干部应该是彼此尊重，互相学习，取长补短，以便团结一致，进行共同的事业，而防止宗派主义的倾向。
　　If our Party does not have a great many new cadres working in unity and cooperation with the old cadres, our cause will come to a stop. All old cadres, therefore, should welcome the new ones with the utmost enthusiasm and show them the warmest solicitude. True, new cadres have their shortcomings. They have not been long in the revolution and lack experience, and unavoidably some have brought with them vestiges of the unwholesome ideology of the old society, remnants of the ideology of petty-bourgeois individualism. But such shortcomings can be gradually eliminated through education and tempering in the revolution. The strong point of the new cadres, as Stalin has said, is that they are acutely sensitive to what is new and are therefore enthusiastic and active to a high degree - the very qualities which some of the old cadres lack. Cadres, new and old, should respect each other, learn from each other and overcome their own shortcomings by learning from each other's strong points, so as to unite as one in the common cause and guard against sectarian tendencies.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二六页
　　　　 "Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 47.

不但要关心党的干部，还要关心非党的干部。党外存在着很多的人材，共产党不能把他们置之度外。去掉孤傲习气，善于和非党干部共事，真心诚意地帮助他们，用热烈的同志的态度对待他们，把他们的积极性组织到抗日和建国的伟大事业中去，这是每一个共产党员的责任。
　　Our concern should extend to non-Party cadres as well as to Party cadres. There are many capable people outside the Party whom we must not ignore. The duty of every Communist is to rid himself of aloofness and arrogance and to work well with non-Party cadres, give them sincere help, have a warm, comradely attitude towards them and enlist their initiative in the great cause of resisting Japan and reconstructing the nation.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五一五页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 202.

<返回目录>

三十、青年
30. YOUTH
　　　　

世界是你们的，也是我们的，但是归根结底是你们的。你们青年人朝气蓬勃，正在兴旺时期，好像早晨八、九点钟的太阳。希望寄托在你们身上。
　　……
　　世界是属于你们的。中国的前途是属于你们的。The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigour and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. .... The world belongs to you. China's future belongs to you.

　　　　在莫斯科会见我国留学生和实习生时的谈话（一九五七年十一月十七日），《毛主席在苏联的言论》人民日报出版社版第一四——一五页
　　　　 "Talk at a meeting with Chinese students and trainees in Moscow" (November 17, 1957).

要使全体青年们懂得，我们的国家现在还是一个很穷的国家，并且不可能在短时间内根本改变这种状态，全靠青年和全体人民在几十年时间内，团结奋斗，用自己的双手创造出一个富强的国家。社会主义制度的建立给我们开辟了一条到达理想境界的道路，而理想境界的实现还要靠我们的辛勤劳动。
　　We must help all our young people to understand that ours is still a very poor country, that we cannot change this situation radically in a short time, and that only through the united efforts of our younger generation and all our people, working with their own hands, can China be made strong and prosperous within a period of several decades. The establishment of our socialist system has opened the road leading to the ideal society of the future, but to translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二三页
　　　　"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 44-45.

不少青年人由于缺少政治经验和社会生活经验，不善于把旧中国和新中国加以比较，不容易深切了解我国人民曾经怎样经历千辛万苦的斗争才摆脱了帝国主义和国民党反动派的压迫，而建立一个美好的社会主义社会要经过怎样的长时间的艰苦劳动。因此，需要在群众中间经常进行生动的、切实的政治教育，并且应当经常把发生的困难向他们作真实的说明，和他们一起研究如何解决困难的办法。
　　Because of their lack of political and social experience, quite a number of young people are unable to see the contrast between the old China and the new, and it is not easy for them thoroughly to comprehend the hardships our people went through in the struggle to free themselves from the oppression of the imperialists and Kuomintang reactionaries, or the long period of arduous work needed before a happy socialist society can be established. That is why we must constantly carry on lively and effective political education among the masses and should always tell them the truth about the difficulties that crop up and discuss with them how to surmount these difficulties.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三二——三三页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 63.

青年是整个社会力量中的一部分最积极最有生气的力量。他们最肯学习，最少保守思想，在社会主义时代尤其是这样。希望各地的党组织，协同青年团组织，注意研究如何特别发挥青年人的力量，不要将他们一般看待，抹杀了他们的特点。当然青年人必须向老年人和成年人学习，要尽量争取在老年人和成年人同意之下去做各种有益的活动。
　　The young people are the most active and vital force in society. They are the most eager to learn and the least conservative in their thinking. This is especially so in the era of socialism. We hope that the local Party organizations in various places will help and work with the Youth League organizations and go into the question of bringing into full play the energy of our youth in particular. The Party organizations should not treat them in the same way as everybody else and ignore their special characteristics. Of course, the young people should learn from the old and other adults, and should strive as much as possible to engage in all sorts of useful activities with their agreement.

　　　　《中山县新平乡第九农业生产合作社的青年突击队》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》下册第九五九页
　　　　 Introductory note to "A Youth Shock Brigade of the No. 9 Agricultural Producers' Co-operative in Hsinping Township, Chungshan County" (1955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. III.

看一个青年是不是革命的，拿什么做标准呢？拿什么去辨别他呢？只有一个标准，这就是看他愿意不愿意、并且实行不实行和广大的工农群众结合在一块。愿意并且实行和工农结合的，是革命的，否则就是不革命的，或者是反革命的。他今天把自己结合于工农群众，他今天是革命的；但是如果他明天不去结合了，或者反过来压迫老百姓，那就是不革命的，或者是反革命的了。
　　How should we judge whether a youth is a revolutionary? How can we tell? There can only be one criterion, namely, whether or not he is willing to integrate himself with the broad masses of workers and peasants and does so in practice. If he is willing to do so and actually does so, he is a revolutionary; otherwise he is a nonrevolutionary or a counter-revolutionary. If today he integrates himself with the masses of workers and peasants, then today he is a revolutionary; if tomorrow he ceases to do so or turns round to oppress the common people, then he becomes a nonrevolutionary or a counter-revolutionary.

　　　　《青年运动的方向》（一九三九年五月四日），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五五四页
　　　　 "The Orientation of the Youth Movement" (May 4, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 246.

知识分子在其未和群众的革命斗争打成一片，在其未下决心为群众利益服务并与群众相结合的时候，往往带有主观主义和个人主义的倾向，他们的思想往往是空虚的，他们的行动往往是动摇的。因此，中国的广大的革命知识分子虽然有先锋的和桥梁的作用，但不是所有这些知识分子都能革命到底的。其中一部分，到了革命的紧急关头，就会脱离革命队伍，采取消极态度；其中少数人，就会变成革命的敌人。知识分子的这种缺点，只有在长期的群众斗争中才能克服。
　　The intellectuals often tend to be subjective and individualistic, impractical in their thinking and irresolute in action until they have thrown themselves heart and soul into mass revolutionary struggles, or made up their minds to serve the interests of the masses and become one with them. Hence although the mass of revolutionary intellectuals in China can play a vanguard role or serve as a link with the masses, not all of them will remain revolutionaries to the end. Some will drop out of the revolutionary ranks at critical moments and become passive, while a few may even become enemies of the revolution. The intellectuals can overcome their shortcomings only in mass struggles over a long period.

　　　　《中国革命和中国共产党》（一九三九年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第六三六页
　　　　 "The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party" (December 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 322.*

青年团除了应继续配合党的中心工作以外，还要有适合青年特点的独立工作。新中国要为青年们着想，要关怀青年一代的成长。青年们要学习，要工作，但青年时期是长身体的时期。因此，要充分兼顾青年的工作、学习和娱乐、体育、休息两个方面。
　　Apart from continuing to act in co-ordination with the Party in its central task, the Youth League should do its own work to suit the special characteristics of youth. New China must care for her youth and show concern for the growth of the younger generation. Young people have to study and work, but they are at the age of physical growth. Therefore, full attention must be paid both to their work and study and to their recreation, sport and rest.

　　　　在接见青年团第二次全国代表大会主席团时的指示（一九五三年六月三十日），一九五三年七月三日《人民日报》
　　　　 "Talk at the reception for the Presidium of the Second National Congress of the Youth League" (June 30, 1953).

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三十一、妇女
31. WOMEN
　　　　

中国的男子，普通要受三种有系统的权力（指政权、族权、神权——编者）的支配，……至于女子，除受上述三种权力的支配以外，还受男子的支配（夫权）。这四种权力——政权、族权、神权、夫权，代表了全部封建宗法的思想和制度，是束缚中国人民特别是农民的四条极大的绳索。农民在乡下怎样推翻地主的政权，已如前头所述。地主政权，是一切权力的基干。地主政权既被打翻，族权、神权、夫权便一概跟着动摇起来。……夫权这种东西，自来在贫农中就比较地弱一点。因为经济上贫农妇女不能不较富有阶级的女子多参加劳动，所以她们取得对于家事的发言权以至决定权的是比较多些。至近年，农村经济益发破产，男子控制女子的基本条件，业已破坏了。最近农民运动一起，许多地方，妇女跟着组织了乡村女界联合会，妇女抬头的机会已到，夫权便一天一天地动摇起来。总而言之，所有一切封建的宗法的思想和制度，都随着农民权力的升涨而动摇。
　　A man in China is usually subjected to the domination of three systems of authority [political authority, clan authority and religious authority].... As for women, in addition to being dominated by these three systems of authority, they are also dominated by the men (the authority of the husband). These four authorities - political, clan, religious and masculine - are the embodiment of the whole feudal-patriarchal ideology and system, and are the four thick ropes binding the Chinese people, particularly the peasants. How the peasants have overthrown the political authority of the landlords in the countryside has been described above. The political authority of the landlords is the backbone of all the other systems of authority. With that overturned, the clan authority, the religious authority and the authority of the husband all begin to totter.... As to the authority of the husband, this has always been weaker among the poor peasants because, out of economic necessity, their womenfolk have to do more manual labour than the women of the richer classes and therefore have more say and greater power of decision in family matters. With the increasing bankruptcy of the rural economy in recent years, the basis for men's domination over women has already been undermined. With the rise of the peasant movement, the women in many places have now begun to organize rural women's associations; the opportunity has come for them to lift up their heads, and the authority of the husband is getting shakier every day. In a word, the whole feudal-patriarchal ideology and system is tottering with the growth of the peasants' power.

　　　　《湖南农民运动考察报告》（一九二七年三月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第三三——三四页
　　　　 "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" (March 1927), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 44-46.*

团结起来，参加生产和政治活动，改善妇女的经济地位和政治地位。
　　Unite and take part in production and political activity to improve the economic and political status of women.

　　　　为《新中国妇女》杂志的题词，一九四九年七月二十日《新中国妇女》创刊号
　　　　 Inscription for the magazine "Women of New China", printed in its first issue, July 20, 1949.

要求保护青年、妇女、儿童的利益，救济失学青年，并使青年、妇女组织起来，以平等地位参加有益于抗日战争和社会进步的各项工作，实现婚姻自由，男女平等，使青年和儿童得到有益的学习；……
　　Protect the interests of the youth, women and children - provide assistance to young students who cannot afford to continue their studies, help the youth and women to organize in order to participate on an equal footing in all work useful to the war effort and to social progress, ensure freedom of marriage and equality as between men and women, and give young people and children a useful education....

　　　　《论联合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零六五页
　　　　 "On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 288.*

有组织地调剂劳动力和推动妇女参加生产，是我们农业生产方面的最基本的任务。
　　[In agricultural production] our fundamental task is to adjust the use of labour power in an organized way and to encourage women to do farm work.

　　　　《我们的经济政策》（一九三四年一月二十三日），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一二六——一二七页
　　　　 "Our Economic Policy" (January 23, 1934), Selected Works, Vo1. I, p. 142.*

为了建设伟大的社会主义社会，发动广大的妇女群众参加生产活动，具有极大的意义。在生产中，必须实现男女平等，只有在整个社会的社会主义改造过程中才能实现。
　　In order to build a great socialist society it is of the utmost importance to arouse the broad masses of women to join in productive activity. Men and women must receive equal pay for equal work in production. Genuine equality between the sexes can only be realized in the process of the socialist transformation of society as a whole.

　　　　《妇女走上了劳动战线》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》上册第三五七页
　　　　 Introductory note to "Women Have Gone to the Labour Front" (1955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. I.

在合作化以后，许多合作社感到劳动力不足了，有必要发动过去不参加田间劳动的广大的妇女群众参加到劳动战线上去。……中国的妇女是一种伟大的人力资源。必须发掘这种资源，为了建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗。
　　With the completion of agricultural cooperation, many co-operatives are finding themselves short of labour. It has become necessary to arouse the great mass of women who did not work in the fields before to take their place on the labour front.... China's women are a vast reserve of labour power. This reserve should be tapped in the struggle to build a great socialist country.

　　　　《发动妇女投入生产，解决了劳动力不足的困难》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》中册第六七四——六七五页
　　　　 Introductory note to "Solving the Labour Shortage by Arousing the Women to Join in Production" (1955), The Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside, Chinese ed., Vol. II.

使全部妇女劳动力，在同工同酬的原则下，一律参加到劳动战线上去，这个要求，应当在尽可能短的时间内，予以实现。
　　Enable every woman who can work to take her place on the labour front, under the principle of equal pay for equal work. This should be done as quickly as possible.

　　　　《邢台县民主妇女联合会关于发展农业合作化运动中妇女工作的规划》一文的按语（一九五五年），《中国农村的社会主义高潮》上册第六六页
　　　　

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三十二、文化艺术
32. CULTURE AND ART
　　　　

在现在世界上，一切文化或文学艺术都是属于一定的阶级，属于一定的政治路线的。为艺术的艺术，超阶级的艺术，和政治并行或互相独立的艺术，实际上是不存在的。无产阶级的文学艺术是无产阶级整个革命事业的一部分，如同列宁所说，是整个革命机器中的“齿轮和螺丝钉”。
　　In the world today all culture, all literature and art belong to definite classes and are geared to definite political lines. There is in fact no such thing as art for art's sake, art that stands above classes, art that is detached from or independent of politics. Proletarian literature and art are part of the whole proletarian revolutionary cause; they are, as Lenin said, cogs and wheels in the whole revolutionary machine.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八六七页
　　　　 "Talks at the Yen'an Forum on Literature and Art" (May 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 86.*

革命文化，对于人民大众，是革命的有力武器。革命文化，在革命前，是革命的思想准备；在革命中，是革命总战线中的一条必要和重要的战线。
　　Revolutionary culture is a powerful revolutionary weapon for the broad masses of the people. It prepares the ground ideologically before the revolution comes and is an important, indeed essential, fighting front in the general revolutionary front during the revolution.

　　　　《新民主主义论》（一九四零年一月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第七零一页
　　　　 "On New Democracy" (January 1940), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 382.

我们的文学艺术都是为人民大众的，首先是为工农兵的，为工农兵而创作，为工农兵所利用的。
　　All our literature and art are for the masses of the people, and in the first place for the workers, peasants and soldiers; they are created for the workers, peasants and soldiers and are for their use.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八六五页
　　　　 "Talks at the Yen'an Forum on Literature and Art" (May 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 84.*

我们的文艺工作者一定要完成这个任务，一定要把立足点移过来，一定要在深入工农兵群众、深入实际斗争的过程中，在学习马克思主义和学习社会的过程中，逐渐地移过来，移到工农兵这方面来，移到无产阶级这方面来。只有这样，我们才能有真正为工农兵的文艺，真正无产阶级的文艺。
　　Our literary and art workers must accomplish this task and shift their stand; they must gradually move their feet over to the side of the workers, peasants and soldiers, to the side of the proletariat, through the process of going into their very midst and into the thick of practical struggles and through the process of studying Marxism and society. Only in this way can we have a literature and art that are truly for the workers, peasants and soldiers, a truly proletarian literature and art.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八五九页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 78.

要使文艺很好地成为整个革命机器的一个组成部分，作为团结人民、教育人民、打击敌人、消灭敌人的有力的武器，帮助人民同心同德地和敌人作斗争。
　　[Our purpose is] to ensure that literature and art fit well into the whole revolutionary machine as a component part, that they operate as powerful weapons for uniting and educating the people and for attacking and destroying the enemy, and that they help the people fight the enemy with one heart and one mind.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八五零页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 70.

文艺批评有两个标准，一个是政治标准，一个是艺术标准。……

　　又是政治标准，又是艺术标准，这两者的关系怎么样呢？政治并不等于艺术，一般的宇宙观也并不等于艺术创作和艺术批评的方法。我们不但否认抽象的绝对不变的政治标准，也否认抽象的绝对不变的艺术标准，各个阶级社会中的各个阶级都有不同的政治标准和不同的艺术标准。但是任何阶级社会中的任何阶级，总是以政治标准放在第一位，以艺术标准放在第二位的。……我们的要求则是政治和艺术的统一，内容和形式的统一，革命的政治内容和尽可能完美的艺术形式的统一。缺乏艺术性的艺术品，无论政治上怎样进步，也是没有力量的。因此，我们既反对政治观点错误的艺术品，也反对只有正确的政治观点而没有艺术力量的所谓“标语口号式”的倾向。我们应该进行文艺问题上的两条战线斗争。
　　In literary and art criticism there are two criteria, the political and the artistic.…
There is the political criterion and there is the artistic criterion; what is the relationship between the two? Politics cannot be equated with art, nor can a general world outlook be equated with a method of artistic creation and criticism. We deny not only that there is an abstract and absolutely unchangeable political criterion, but also that there is an abstract and absolutely unchangeable artistic criterion; each class in every class society has its own political and artistic criteria. But all classes in all class societies invariably put the political criterion first and the artistic criterion second.… What we demand is the unity of politics and art, the unity of content and form, the unity of revolutionary political content and the highest possible perfection of artistic form. Works of art which lack artistic quality have no force, however progressive they are politically. Therefore, we oppose both works of art with a wrong political viewpoint and the tendency towards the "poster and slogan style" which is correct in political viewpoint but lacking in artistic power. On questions of literature and art we must carry on a struggle on two fronts.

　　　　《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》（一九四二年五月），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八六九——八七一页
　　　　 Ibid., pp. 88-90.*

百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针，是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针，是促进我国的社会主义文化繁荣的方针。艺术上不同的形式和风格可以自由发展，科学上不同的学派可以自由争论。利用行政力量，强制推行一种风格，一种学派，禁止另一种风格，另一种学派，我们认为会有害于艺术和科学的发展。艺术和科学中的是非问题，应当通过艺术界科学界的自由讨论去解决，通过艺术和科学的实践去解决，而不应当采取简单的方法去解决。
　　Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting the progress of the arts and the sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land. Different forms and styles in art should develop freely and different schools in science should contend freely. We think that it is harmful to the growth of art and science if administrative measures are used to impose one particular style of art or school of thought and to ban another. Questions of right and wrong in the arts and sciences should be settled through free discussion in artistic and scientific circles and through practical work in these fields. They should not be settled in summary fashion.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二五——二六页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 49-50.

没有文化的军队是愚蠢的军队，而愚蠢的军队是不能战胜敌人的。
　　An army without culture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-witted army cannot defeat the enemy.

　　　　《文化工作中的统一战线》（一九四四年十月三十日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第一零零九页
　　　　 "The United Front in Cultural Work" (October 30, 1944), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 235.

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三十三、学习
33. STUDY
　　　　

要把一个落后的农业的中国改变成为一个先进的工业化的中国，我们面前的工作是很艰苦的，我们的经验是很不够的。因此，必须善于学习。
　　In transforming a backward agricultural China into an advanced industrialized country, we are confronted with arduous tasks and our experience is far from adequate. So we must be good at learning.

　　　　《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会开幕词》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中国共产党第八次全国代表大会文献》第九页
　　　　 "Opening Address at the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China" (September 15, 1956).

情况是在不断地变化，要使自己的思想适应新的情况，就得学习。即使是对于马克思主义已经了解得比较多的人，无产阶级立场比较坚定的人，也还是要再学习，要接受新事物，要研究新问题。
　　Conditions are changing all the time, and to adapt one's thinking to the new conditions, one must study. Even those who have a better grasp of Marxism and are comparatively firm in their proletarian stand have to go on studying, have to absorb what is new and study new problems.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第七页
　　　　 "Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 8.*

我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界，我们还将善于建设一个新世界。
　　We can learn what we did not know. We are not only good at destroying the old world, we are also good at building the new.

　　　　《在中国共产党第七届中央委员会第二次全体会议上的报告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四四零页
　　　　 "Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 374.

学习有两种态度。一种是教条主义的态度，不管我国情况，适用的和不适用的，一起搬来。这种态度不好。另一种态度，学习的时候用脑筋想一下，学那些和我国情况相适合的东西，即吸取对我们有益的经验，我们需要的是这样一种态度。
　　Now, there are two different attitudes towards learning from others. One is the dogmatic attitude of transplanting everything, whether or not it is suited to our conditions. This is no good. The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things which suit our conditions, that is, to absorb whatever experience is useful to us. That is the attitude we should adopt.

　　　　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三八页
　　　　 "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 75.

马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林的理论，是“放之四海而皆准”的理论。不应当把他们的理论当作教条看待，而应当看作行动的指南。不应当只是学习马克思列宁主义的词句，而应当把它当成革命的科学来学习。不但应当了解马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林他们研究广泛的真实生活和革命经验所得出的关于一般规律的结论，而且应当学习他们观察问题和解决问题的立场和方法。
　　The theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable. We should regard it not as a dogma, but as a guide to action. Studying it is not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism as the science of revolution. It is not just a matter of understanding the general laws derived by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin from their extensive study of real life and revolutionary experience, but of studying their standpoint and method in examining and solving problems.

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五二一页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 208-09.

如果有了正确的理论，只是把它空谈一阵，束之高阁，并不实行，那末，这种理论再好也是没有意义的。
　　If we have a correct theory but merely prate about it, pigeonhole it and do not put it into practice, then that theory, however good, is of no significance.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月）《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二八一页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 304.

对于马克思主义的理论，要能够精通它、应用它，精通的目的全在于应用。如果你能应用马克思列宁主义的观点，说明一个两个实际问题，那就要受到称赞，就算有了几分成绩。被你说明的东西越多，越普遍，越深刻，你的成绩就越大。
　　It is necessary to master Marxist theory and apply it, master it for the sole purpose of applying it. If you can apply the Marxist-Leninist viewpoint in elucidating one or two practical problems, you should be commended and credited with some achievement. The more problems you elucidate and the more comprehensively and profoundly you do so, the greater will be your achievement.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八一七页
　　　　 "Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 38.

马克思列宁主义理论和中国革命实际，怎样互相联系呢？拿一句通俗的话来讲，就是“有的放矢”。“矢”就是箭，“的”就是靶，放箭要对准靶。马克思列宁主义和中国革命的关系，就是箭和靶的关系。有些同志却在那里“无的放矢”，乱放一通，这样的人就容易把革命弄坏。
　　How is Marxist-Leninist theory to be linked with the practice of the Chinese revolution? To use a common expression, it is by "shooting the arrow at the target". As the arrow is to the target, so is Marxism-Leninism to the Chinese revolution. Some comrades, however, are "shooting without a target", shooting at random, and such people are liable to harm the revolution.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二一页
　　　　Ibid., p. 42.

有工作经验的人，要向理论方面学习，要认真读书，然后才可以使经验带上条理性、综合性，上升成为理论，然后才可以不把局部经验误认为即是普遍真理，才可不犯经验主义的错误。
　　Those experienced in work must take up the study of theory and must read seriously; only then will they be able to systematize and synthesize their experience and raise it to the level of theory, only then will they not mistake their partial experience for universal truth and not commit empiricist errors.

　　　　《整顿党的作风》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛泽东选集》第三卷第八二零页
　　　　 Ibid.

读书是学习，使用也是学习，而且是更重要的学习。从战争学习战争——这是我们的主要方法。没有进学校机会的人仍然可以学习战争，就是从战争中学习。革命战争是民众的事，常常不是先学好了再干，而是干起来再学习，干就是学习。
　　Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that. Our chief method is to learn warfare through warfare. A person who has had no opportunity to go to school can also learn warfare - he can learn through fighting in war. A revolutionary war is a mass undertaking; it is often not a matter of first learning and then doing, but of doing and then learning, for doing is itself learning.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一七四页
　　　　 "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 189-90.

从“老百姓”到军人之间有一个距离，但不是万里长城，而是可以迅速地消灭的，干革命，干战争，就是消灭这个距离的方法。说学习和使用不容易，是说学得彻底，用得纯熟不容易。说老百姓很快可以变成军人，是说此门并不难入。把二者总合起来，用得着中国一句老话：“世上无难事，只怕有心人。”入门既不难，深造也是办得到的，只要有心，只要善于学习罢了。
　　There is a gap between the ordinary civilian and the soldier, but it is no Great Wall, and it can be quickly closed, and the way to close it is to take part in revolution, in war. By saying that it is not easy to learn and to apply, we mean that it is hard to learn thoroughly and to apply skillfully. By saying that civilians can very quickly become soldiers, we mean that it is not difficult to cross the threshold. To put the two statements together, we may cite the Chinese adage, "Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it." To cross the threshold is not difficult, and mastery, too, is possible provided one sets one's mind to the task and is good at learning.

　　　　《中国革命战争的战略问题》（一九三六年十二月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第一七四——一七五页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 190.

我们必须向一切内行的人们（不管什么人）学经济工作。拜他们做老师，恭恭敬敬地学，老老实实地学。不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。
　　We must learn to do economic work from all who know how, no matter who they are. We must esteem them as teachers, learning from them respectfully and conscientiously. We must not pretend to know when we do not know.

　　　　《论人民民主专政》（一九四九年六月三十日），《毛泽东选集》第四卷第一四八五页
　　　　 "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" (June 30, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 423.

知识的问题是一个科学问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定地需要的倒是其反面——诚实和谦逊的态度。
　　Knowledge is a matter of science, and no dishonesty or conceit whatsoever is permissible. What is required is definitely the reverse - honesty and modesty.

　　　　《实践论》（一九三七年七月），《毛泽东选集》第一卷第二七六页
　　　　 "On Practice" (July 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 300.

学习的敌人是自己的满足，要认真学习一点东西，必须从不自满开始。对自己，“学而不厌”，对人家，“诲人不倦”，我们应取这种态度。
　　Complacency is the enemy of study. We cannot really learn anything until we rid ourselves of complacency. Our attitude towards ourselves should be "to be insatiable in learning" and towards others "to be tireless in teaching".

　　　　《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛泽东选集》第二卷第五二三页
　　　　 "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 210.

有些人读了一些马克思主义的书，自以为有学问了，但是并没有读进去，并没有在头脑里生根，不会应用，阶级感情还是旧的。还有一些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了，可是一遇风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。前者动摇，后者坚定，前者暧昧，后者明朗。
　　Some people have read a few Marxist books and think themselves quite learned but what they have read has not penetrated, has not struck root in their minds, so that they do not know how to use it and their class feelings remain as of old. Others are very conceited and having learned some book-phrases, think themselves terrific and are very cocky; but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and the majority of the peasants. They waver while the latter stand firm, they equivocate while the latter are forthright.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第六页
　　　　 "Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work" (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 7-8.

学习马克思主义，不但要从书本上学，主要地还要通过阶级斗争、工作实践和接近工农群众，才能真正学到。如果我们的知识分子读了一些马克思主义的书，又在同工农群众的接近中，在自己的工作实践中有所了解，那末，我们大家就有了共同的语言，不仅有爱国主义方面的共同语言、社会主义制度方面的共同语言，而且还可以有共产主义世界观方面的共同语言。如果这样，大家的工作就一定会做得好得多。
　　In order to have a real grasp of Marxism, one must learn it not only from books, but mainly through class struggle, through practical work and close contact with the masses of workers and peasants. When in addition to reading some Marxist books our intellectuals have gained some understanding through close contact with the masses of workers and peasants and through their own practical work, we will all be speaking the same language, not only the common language of patriotism and the common language of the socialist system, but probably even the common language of the communist world outlook. If that happens, all of us will certainly work much better.

　　　　《在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第九——一零页
　　　　 Ibid., p. 12.

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